Iocanlidic Acid I-123 is a radiolabeled phenylfatty acid derivative studied as a diagnostic agent for myocardial imaging

AstraZeneca was developing AZD-8055, an orally active mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibitor, for the treatment of advanced solid tumours. AZD-8055 is an ATP-competitive mTORC1/2 inhibitor that exhibits immunosuppressive and anticancer chemotherapeutic activities. AZD-8055 promotes antibody class switching in B cells at low doses and decreases B cell proliferation and differentiation at high doses. In vivo, this compound suppresses CC4 and CD8 T cell proliferation, increasing survival among MHC-mismatched heart transplant recipients. In vitro, AZD-8055 decreases viability of brain tumor cells; in vivo, it inhibits tumor growth. AZD-8055 had been in phase I trials by AstraZeneca for the treatment of malignant gliomas and solid tumours. However, this research has been discontinued.

8-chloroadenosine (8-Cl-Ado) is a ribonucleoside analog. The mechanism of its action remains poorly understood, however, it is known that the drug inhibits RNA synthesis. It has significant cytotoxic activity against lymphoid and myeloid malignant cells. The nucleoside analog 8-Cl-Ado is phosphorylated into its cytotoxic triphosphate 8-Cl-ATP. The accumulation of the cytotoxic metabolite results in a parallel decrease of the ATP cellular pools. 8-Cl-Ado gets incorporated into RNA during transcription, hindering this process. In addition, this triphosphate inhibits ATP-dependent poly(A) tail synthesis, and, as a consequence, mRNA processing is inhibited, resulting in vitro cytotoxicity in several solid and hematological malignancies. This agent is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia.

LY404039 [(-)-(1R,4S,5S,6S)-4-amino-2-sulfonylbicyclo[3.1.0]-hexane-4,6-dicarboxylic acid] is an agonist of orthosteric metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)2/3. In addition, it acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors. LY404039 demonstrated broad antipsychotic and anxiolytic efficacy across multiple animal models. LY-2140023 is a methionine amide prodrug of LY-404039 being developed by Eli Lilly & Co for the potential oral treatment of schizophrenia.

Toluidine Blue (also known as tolonium chloride or Toluidine blue O) is metachromatic dye used for a variety of histological staining, it selectively stains acidic tissue components (sulfates, carboxylates, and phosphate radicals. Toluidine blue has an affinity for nucleic acids, and therefore binds to nuclear material of tissues with a high DNA and RNA content. It was evaluated the toluidine blue staining in premalignancies, and superficial oral ulceration suggesting malignancy. The study showed 100% sensitivity in the detection of in situ and invasive carcinoma and no false-negative results occurred. The lesions that were diagnosed as dysplasia did not retain stain, and thus gave false-negative results. The reasons could be that the exact mechanisms by which the dye differentially stains malignant or dysplastic tissues remain unknown.

Onalespib (AT13387; (2,4-dihydroxy-5-isopropyl-phenyl)-[5-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl] methanone, l-lactic acid salt), is wholly owned by Astex, a novel, high-affinity HSP90 inhibitor, which is currently being clinically tested, has shown activity against a wide array of tumor cell lines, including lung cancer cell lines. As a targeted inhibitor of Hsp90, onalespib has the potential to control the proliferation of multiple solid tumors and hematological malignancies where uncontrolled cell growth is dependent on the interaction between Hsp90 and its client proteins. Astex is pursuing an approach based on the observation that addition of onalespib to a molecularly targeted agent may delay the emergence of resistance to the agent, and hence prolong the window of therapeutic benefit. Onalespib is currently being evaluated via a CRADA with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in various tumor types, and in a Phase 1/2 clinical study in combination with AT7519, Astex CDK inhibitor.

Fluridone, an herbicide that used for controlling invasive aquatic plants such as hydrilla in surface water bodies. It inhibits carotenoid synthesis in targeted plant species, preventing photosynthesis and ultimately causing mortality. This compound contains a 4(1H)-pyridone and a trifluoromethyl-benzene moiety, which are also present in molecules with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Experiments on rodents have confirmed that fluridone could represent a new prototype of an anti-inflammatory drug.

8-Hydroxy-7-iodo-5-quinolinesulfonic acid (Ferron) showed fungistatic effect for Candida and for M. canis and T. mentagrophytes. Resotren is a chemical combination of chloroquine and iodohydroxyquinoline and, taken by mouth, is poorly absorbed and reaches the lower bowel in considerable concentration. Resotren is effective in both intestinal and extra-intestinal amoebiasis. Al-Ferron timed spectrophotometry assay is a basic method in the study on the formation of polynuclear hydroxyl aluminum species and their transformation laws in aqueous systems.

Birinapant is a parenterally administered bivalent peptidomimetic of the SMAC protein (Second Mitochondria-derived Activator of Caspases) and is therefore known as a SMAC mimetic compound. Birinapant is a particularly potent antagonist of two members of the Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAP) family, cIAP-1, and cIAP-2. cIAP-1 and -2 are ubiquitin ligases whose expression can protect cells from apoptosis and cause pro-survival effects of TNF-α and related ligands. When Birinapant binds to cIAP-1 or -2 it causes the protein to ubiquitinate itself, which in turn drives the degradation of the protein. In this way, birinapant suppresses the levels of cIAP-1 and cIAP-2 and therefore switches cell signaling to drive tumor cell apoptosis in the presence of TNF-α. Birinapant has been shown to give rise to sustained and substantial reductions of cIAP1 levels in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) and tumor tissue. To date, Birinapant has been dosed in approximately 450 patients across 9 studies. The majority of studies was in oncology (one in HBV) and primarily recruited patients with refractory solid tumors & hematological malignancies (dominated by ovarian, colorectal, acute myeloid leukemia and Myelodysplastic syndromes). Overall Birinapant has shown acceptable safety and tolerability for further development in oncology indications. The current plans are to study Birinapant clinically in combination with Keytruda® for the treatment solid tumors and in an Investigator-Initiated study at UCLA for high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy.