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Restrict the search for
valproic acid
to a specific field?
Status:
US Previously Marketed
Source:
Sodium Cacodylate U.S.P.
(1921)
Source URL:
First marketed in 1921
Source:
Sodium Cacodylate U.S.P.
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Targets:
Conditions:
Cacodylic acid also known as dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) has been used as a herbicide. As a part of agent blue it used to destroy broadleaf plants and trees, especially rice paddies during the Vietnam War. DMA is the major metabolite formed after exposure to tri- (arsenite) or pentavalent (arsenate) inorganic arsenic (iAs) via ingestion or inhalation in both humans and rodents. DMA induces an organ-specific lesion--single strand breaks in DNA. Mechanistic studies have suggested that this damage is due mainly to the peroxyl radical of DMA and production of active oxygen species by pulmonary tissues. Multi-organ initiation-promotion studies have demonstrated that DMA acts as a promotor of urinary bladder, kidney, liver and thyroid gland cancers in rats and as a promotor of lung tumors in mice. Thus it was shown, that DMA played a role in the carcinogenesis of inorganic arsenic.
Status:
US Previously Marketed
Source:
Ammoniated Glycyrrhizin U.S.P.
(1921)
Source URL:
First marketed in 1921
Source:
Ammoniated Glycyrrhizin U.S.P.
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Targets:
Conditions:
Glycyrrhizic Acid is specific compound isolated from licorice plants. Ammonium Glycyrrhizate (also known as GLYCYRRHIZIN, AMMONIATED) is a salt, was investigated to be a safe and is used as ingredient in the formulation of makeup, fragrance, hair care, skin care, shaving, personal hygiene and suntan products.
Status:
US Previously Marketed
Source:
SPARTASE POTASSIUM ASPARTATE by WYETH
(1961)
Source URL:
First marketed in 1921
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Disodium aspartate is used in organic biosynthesis.
Status:
US Previously Marketed
Source:
Solution of Potassium Arsenite U.S.P.
(1921)
Source URL:
First marketed in 1921
Source:
Solution of Potassium Arsenite U.S.P.
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Arsenite ion is a form of inorganic trivalent arsenic. It is derived from arsenous acid and known mainly for forming the basis of Fowler's solution (1% potassium arsenite (KAsO2). Fowler's solution has had a fascinating history in medicine during the past 200 years. The use of Fowler's solution was first described and published as a treatment for malaria and syphilis in the late 1700s. Many clinical applications for Fowler's solutions have been studied and utilized over the years, but toxicities have limited its utility. Even so, arsenic trioxide, chemically related to Fowler's solution, was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treating acute promyelocytic leukemia. The chronic arsenic exposure is a cause of immense health distress as it accounts for the increased risk of various disorders such as cardiovascular abnormalities, diabetes mellitus, neurotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. In addition, the exposure to arsenic has been suggested to affect the liver function and to induce hepatotoxicity. Moreover, few studies demonstrated the induction of carcinogenicity especially cancer of the skin, bladder, and lungs after the chronic exposure to arsenic.
Status:
US Previously Marketed
Source:
Hyoscyamine Hydrobromide U.S.P.
(1921)
Source URL:
First marketed in 1921
Source:
Hyoscyamine Hydrobromide U.S.P.
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Hyoscyamine as a natural plant alkaloid derivative and anticholinergic. Hyoscyamine is used to treat a variety of stomach/intestinal problems such as cramps and irritable bowel syndrome. It is also used to treat other conditions such as bladder and bowel control problems, cramping pain caused by kidney stones and gallstones, and Parkinson's disease. In addition, it is used to decrease side effects of certain medications (drugs used to treat myasthenia gravis) and insecticides. Hyoscyamine inhibits specifically the actions of acetylcholine on structures innervated by postganglionic cholinergic nerves and on smooth muscles that respond to acetylcholine but lack cholinergic innervation. These peripheral cholinergic receptors are present in the autonomic effector cells of the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, the sinoatrial node, the atrioventricular node, and the exocrine glands. At therapeutic doses, it is completely devoid of any action on autonomic ganglia. Side effects include dry mouth and throat, increased appetite leading to weight gain, eye pain, blurred vision, restlessness, dizziness, arrhythmia, flushing, and faintness. Additive adverse effects resulting from cholinergic blockade may occur when hyoscyamine is administered concomitantly with other antimuscarinics, amantadine, haloperidol, phenothiazines, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants or some antihistamines.
Status:
US Previously Marketed
First marketed in 1921
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Conditions:
Molybdic acid refers to hydrated forms of molybdenum trioxide. There is no information related to the biological and pharmacological application of molybdic acid. It is known, that this substance is used as heterogeneous catalysts.
Status:
US Previously Marketed
Source:
Bromauric Acid N. F.
(1921)
Source URL:
First marketed in 1921
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Gold trichloride is used as a catalyst in synthesis of new compounds. It was shown that gold trichloride was not the marker of contact allergy and could not be recommended in patch testing.
Status:
US Previously Marketed
First marketed in 1921
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Propionic acid (PA), also known as propanoic acid, with chemical formula C3H6O2, is an organic acid used as a food additive and found naturally on the skin and in the gastrointestinal tract. It is a byproduct of fermentation reactions and is also produced industrially from ethylene or ethanol and carbon monoxide. Propionic acid is a fungicide and bactericide, registered to controlfungi and bacteria in stored grains, hay, grain storage areas, poultry litter,and drinking water for livestock and poultry. As a food preservative, propionic acid prevents mold in bread and baked goods, and it is used as a flavoring agent in cheese and other packaged goods. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency considers it safe and therefore, has no limitation on its use. It has been demonstrated that PA lowers fatty acids content in liver and plasma, reduces food intake, exerts immunosuppressive actions and probably improves tissue insulin sensitivity. Thus increased production of PA by the microbiota might be considered beneficial in the context of prevention of obesity and diabetes type 2. The molecular mechanisms by which PA may exert this plethora of physiological effects are slowly being elucidated and include intestinal cyclooxygenase enzyme, the G-protein coupled receptors 41 and 43 and activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, in turn inhibiting the sentinel transcription factor NF-κB and thus increasing the threshold for inflammatory responses in general. Taken together, PA emerges as a major mediator in the link between nutrition, gut microbiota and physiology. The sodium salt of propionic acid was previously approved in Canada as an active ingredient in Amino-Cerv (used to treat inflammation or injury of the cervix).
Status:
US Previously Marketed
Source:
Bromauric Acid N. F.
(1921)
Source URL:
First marketed in 1921
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Gold trichloride is used as a catalyst in synthesis of new compounds. It was shown that gold trichloride was not the marker of contact allergy and could not be recommended in patch testing.
Status:
US Previously Marketed
First marketed in 1921
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Conditions:
Molybdic acid refers to hydrated forms of molybdenum trioxide. There is no information related to the biological and pharmacological application of molybdic acid. It is known, that this substance is used as heterogeneous catalysts.
