Acoxatrine is a vasodilator drug developed as a hypotensive agent.

ISOPENTYL NITRITE (Amyl nitrite) is a chemical compound with an amyl group attached to the nitrite functional group. Amyl nitrite, in common with other alkyl nitrites, is a potent vasodilator; it expands blood vessels, resulting in lowering of the blood pressure. Alkyl nitrites are a source of nitric oxide, which signals for relaxation of the involuntary muscles. Physical effects include the decrease in blood pressure, headache, flushing of the face, increased heart rate, dizziness, and relaxation of involuntary muscles, especially the blood vessel walls and the internal and external anal sphincter. There are no withdrawal symptoms. Overdose symptoms include nausea, vomiting, hypotension, hypoventilation, shortness of breath, and fainting. The effects set in very quickly, typically within a few seconds and disappear within a few minutes. Amyl nitrite may also intensify the experience of synesthesia. Amyl nitrite is employed medically to treat heart diseases as well as angina. Amyl nitrite is sometimes used as an antidote for cyanide poisoning. It can act as an oxidant, to induce the formation of methemoglobin. Methemoglobin, in turn, can sequester cyanide as cyanomethemoglobin.

Nonachlazine is an original drug synthesized in the Institute of Pharmacology, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR. The results of clinical trials have shown that Nonachlazine is an antianginal agent distinguished by its high efficacy in the treatment of ischemic heart disease. Experimental studies have shown that an important role in the mechanism of the antianginal effect of nonachlazine is played by its effect on adrenergic processes of regulation of the circulation and cardiac activity. Nonachlazine increases the noradrenalin concentration and activity of phosphorylase "a" in the myocardium. These findings suggest that the beneficial effect of nonachlazine is evidently associated with its ability to activate adrenergic mechanisms in the regulation of glycogenolysis. Yonahlazin is used in patients who do not tolerate nitroglycerin or who have contraindications to its use. Nonahlazin in solution, unlike nitroglycerin, does not lower arterial pressure and does not cause dizziness, but often nitroglycerin more effectively eliminates an attack than Nonachlazine.

Ibudilast (KETAS®) is a non-selective cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor. It is an antithrombotic, antiasthmatic drug that is used for improving prognosis and relieving symptoms in patients suffering from ischemic stroke and for the treatment of bronchial asthma. A definitive mechanism of its action is yet to be established. However, inhibition of the release of inflammatory cytokines, inhibition of leukocyte activation, and inhibition of the expression of cell adhesion molecules have been proposed as likely mechanisms of action of ibudilast (KETAS®). It is currently in development in the US (for instance as a potential therapy for multiple sclerosis), but is approved for use in Japan.

Pempidine is a nicotinic antagonist most commonly used as an experimental tool. It has been used as a ganglionic blocker in the treatment of hypertension but has largely been supplanted for that purpose by more specific drugs. In preclinical models Pempidine blocks the effects of intravenous nicotine and of peripheral vagal stimulation on the blood pressure; it also causes dilatation of the pupil after removal of the sympathetic innervation. On the guinea-pig ileum, the predominant effect of the compound is to inhibit nicotine contractions. Pempidineis well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract as judged by (a) the low ratio (6.9) of oral to intravenous toxicities, (b) the rapid development of mydriasis in mice after oral administration of small doses, and (c) the rapid onset of hypotension when the compound is injected directly into the duodenum of anaesthetized cats. Other actions include neuromuscular paralysis of curare-like type when large doses of the compound are injected intravenously and central effects such as tremors which occur with near toxic doses. In cats with a low blood pressure, large intravenous doses have a slight pressor action.

Endralazine (6-benzoyl-3-hydrazino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido-(4,3-c)-pyridazine mesylate) is a peripheral vasodilator drug, which acts by direct relaxation of the smooth muscle fibres of the peripheral arterial vessels. Endralazine has been used as an antihypertensive agent.

Benziodarone is a coronary dilatator drug. Benziodarone in therapeutic dosage has no effect on blood coagulation and does not alter the prothrombin level. Bleeding complications occurred, when benziodarone is given to patients receiving anticoagulant therapy with warfarin sodium. Jaundice might occurred from 8 to 16 weeks after the beginning of the treatment with Benziodarone. Combination of Flecainide with Benziodarone should be avoided or used only with strict monitoring. Benzbromarone is an other benzofuran derivative acting as anuricosuric agent by reducing the proximal tubular reabsorption of uric acid. The hypouricaemic action of benziodarone (Amplivex-Labaz) is prompt. The maximum drop of uricaemia after Amplivex administration (2 tablets/day) occurs during the first three days. The uric acid level declines by as much as 80% of the baseline value. For long-term treatment 1 tablet per day is sufficient, in some instances even 1 tablet twice a week. The tolerance of the preparation is satisfactory.

Bietaserpine is a derivative of a Rauwolfia alkaloid reserpine. It was used as an antihypertensive agent and marketed in the 1960s in France and Italy. Bietaserpine is believed to act by inhibiting VMAT receptors.

Vernakalant is a new antiarrhythmic drug that acts selectively in the atrium, targeting atrial specific channels. Vernakalant is an anti-arrhythmic medicine that acts preferentially in the atria by prolonging atrial refractoriness and by rate-dependently slowing impulse conduction. These anti-fibrillatory actions on refractoriness and conduction are thought to suppress reentry, and are potentiated in the atria during atrial fibrillation. The preferential effects of vernakalant on the atria are postulated to result from its block of currents that are expressed in the atria (e.g., the ultra-rapid delayed rectifier potassium current; and the acetylcholine-activated potassium current), but not in the ventricles, as well as the unique electrophysiologic condition of the fibrillating atria. An oral formulation of vernakalant is in phase II development as a long-term maintenance therapy for patients with atrial fibrillation. An intravenous formulation of vernakalant has been launched in most countries in Europe and Latin America, and in Hong Kong, for the acute conversion of atrial fibrillation. The product has been approved for the acute conversion of atrial fibrillation in South Africa, Iceland, Turkey and is awaiting approval for the same indication in Canada. Phase III development of the IV formulation is ongoing at sites in Asia, and development is currently on hold in the US.

XANTHIOL, a thioxanthene derivative, is a neuroleptic. Phenothiazine nucleus may be replaced by xanthiol without greatly altering the effects upon psychotic symptomatology.