3,3′-diindolylmethane or diindolylmethane (DIM), a natural product from cruciferous vegetables, which possesses chemopreventive activity in all stages of breast cancer carcinogenesis and is under investigation for the different form of cancer. DIM selectively induced proteasome-mediated degradation of the class I histone deacetylases (HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, and HDAC8) without affecting the class II HDAC proteins (HDAC4, 5, 6, 7, and 10). Histone deacetylases are components of high molecular weight multisubunit complexes of co-repressor proteins that are recruited by transcription factors to the promoters to regulate gene expression. In addition, was identified another mechanism of action: DIM suppressed cancer cells proliferation and miR-30e down-regulated during this effect. miR-30e targeted the 3'-UTR of ATG5 to inhibit its translation. Thus DIM may through the miR-30e-ATG5 modulating autophagy inhibit the proliferation of gastric cancer cells. DIM is also sold as absorption-enhanced formulation under the brand name Patented BioResponse DIM®. BioResponse DIM supports a more favorable metabolism of estrogen and supports the production of 2 hydroxyestrone and 2-methoxyestrone, key metabolites in men and women. DIM is used to treat recurrent respiratory papillomatosis and it has been studied for patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

Deoxyguanosine is a nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose. It is like guanosine, but with one oxygen atom removed. It is a nucleoside component of DNA. Deoxyguanosine can be converted to 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) due to hydroxyl radical attack at the C8 of guanine. 8-OHdG is a sensitive marker of the DNA damage This damage, if left unrepaired, has been proposed to contribute to mutagenicity and cancer promotion. Deoxyguanosine has long been recognized as a potent cytotoxic agent to cultured mammalian cells. This toxicity or inhibition of DNA synthesis by deoxyguanosine appears to be mediated by deoxyguanosine triphosphate-mediated inhibition of the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency is thought to cause T-lymphocyte depletion by accumulation of deoxyguanosine and deoxyguanosine triphosphate, resulting in feedback inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase and hence DNA synthesis. Deoxyguanosine nucleoside analogs are potent antiviral agents.

2′-Deoxyadenosine, a pair of deoxythymidine (T) in double-stranded DNA, is a substrate of adenosine deaminase. In case of absence of this enzyme, 2′-deoxyadenosine accumulates in T lymphocytes and kills these cells resulting in a genetic disorder known as adenosine deaminase severe combined immunodeficiency disease (ADA-SCID).

Berberine, an alkaloid isolated from Rhizoma Coptidis, is known to have a wide array of therapeutic effects including antimicrobial, antineoplastic, and hepatoprotective effects. It is found in several plants including European barberry, goldenseal, goldthread, Oregon grape, phellodendron, and tree tumeric. Berberine seems to slightly reduce blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. Berberine might lower blood pressure. Berberine is possibly safe for most adults for short-term use when taken by mouth or applied to the skin.

Aceneuramic acid (also known as N-Acetylneuraminic Acid, Neu5Ac, the UX 001 tablets) prolonged released had been filed a marketing authorization application with the European Medicines Agency by Ultragenyx in the EU for the treatment of hereditary inclusion body myopathy (HIBM), a rare, progressive muscle-wasting disease. This compound, a muscle protein stimulant, is also in phase II of the clinical trial for the treatment thrombocytopenia. In addition, recently was made studies, which had shown, that existed the significant positive correlation between serum and salivary sialic acid levels in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients.

Cifostodine is 2',3'-cyclic pyrimidine nucleotide formed during digestion of ribonucleic acid by ribonuclease. Cifostodine was recently identified in certain mammalian tissues such as the brain and kidney.

Thymidine is a water-soluble pyrimidine deoxynucleoside and potent thymidine kinase substrate. Thymidine is known to be converted to dTTP and utilized for DNA synthesis. It is also known that thymidine is converted by catabolic enzymes to several end products. Excess thymidine results in high levels of dTTP, which exerts a regulatory feedback inhibition in the nucleotide biosynthesis pathways leading to DNA synthesis. This property of thymidine is used when it is given in high doses to patients with solid tumors. Thymidine is being tested in Phase II of clinical trials for the treatment of cancer and 5'-Nucleotidase Syndrome.