Visnadine is a natural product extracted from the seeds and aerial parts of Ammi visnaga (Umbelliferae), plant widely used in Egyptian medicine since the Pharaohs times as antispastic and for the treatment of angina pectoris and other cardiovascular diseases. It has been used since a long time in western medicine for the treatment of various cardiac diseases and peripheral vasculopathies. Visnadine seems to act by inhibiting the contractile responses mediated by Ca2+ entry through L-type Ca2+ channels.Topical use of Visnadine may increase regional vascularization afecting turgidity and sensorial threshold of the area of application. A formulation for vulvar application (ReFeel® spray, IDI Integratori Dietetici Italiani S.r.l., Italy) has been developed and it contains Visnadine at high concentration (1%) with an elevate purity index (minimum 95%). Visnadine spray displayed positive effects on sexual function in women with and without FSD and it was well tolerated. Topical Visnadine may not only be part of multimodal strategies to manage clinically relevant sexual symptoms but also simply to help women to enhance their subjective impaired perception of sexual response.

Mebutizide is a medium strength antihypertensive diuretic (similar to hydrochlorothiazide and altizide).

Guanazodine is a new antihypertensive drug. Guanazodine caused a sustained decrease in the systemic blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats, renal hypertensive dogs and normal cats. No tachyphylaxis developed when the drug was administered orally. The heart rate decreased. Guanazodine relaxed the cat nictitating membrane, attenuated the positive chronotropic response to sympathetic nerve stimulation in anesthetized dogs and in isolated rabbit aorta to transmural electrical stimulation. Guanazodine potentiated the pressor response to noradrenaline but attenuated the response to tyramine in anesthetized cats. It may be concluded that the hypotensive effect of guanazodine is related to adrenergic neuron blocking action, the noradrenaline-depleting action in peripheral tissues is similar to the effect of guanethidine and bethanidine. However, this drug is less potent than guanethidine. Toxicity and side effects appear to be less with guanazodine than with guanethidine and bethanidine.

Bupranolol is a non-selective beta blocker without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA), but with strong membrane stabilizing activity. Bupranolol competes with sympathomimetic neurotransmitters such as catecholamines for binding at beta(1)-adrenergic receptors in the heart, inhibiting sympathetic stimulation. This results in a reduction in resting heart rate, cardiac output, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and reflex orthostatic hypotension. Ophthalmic Bupranolol is used for the management of glaucoma and oral Bupranolol is used for the management of cardiovascular disorders. S-Bupranolol has also being shown to have superior preclinical safety profile and great antinociceptive efficacy and should be considered as a unique b-AR compound to advance future clinical pain studies.

Mefruside is a benzene disulfonamide derivative related to the benzothiadiazine or thiazide diuretics. Mefruside is adminisered orally, it is indicated for the treatment of edema and hypertension. It was developed by Bayer A.G. and is sold under the tradename Baycaron.

Cafedrine, also known as norephedrinoethyltheophylline, is a chemical linkage of norephedrine and theophylline and is a cardiac stimulant used to increase blood pressure in people with hypotension. There are few data available for cafedrine. Cafedrine has a half-life of 60 min following both oral and intravenous administration Cafedrine is metabolized to norephedrine and several minor metabolites, but nearly 90% of the administered norephedrine is excreted via the kidneys, mostly unchanged, within 24 h. The effects of cafedrine on cardiac output are believed to be mediated via β- adrenoceptors. Cafedrine has a positive inotropic effect in humans, and this can be abolished by administration of the non-selective β-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol. A combination of cafedrine and theodrenaline called Akrinor® is used for the treatment of hypotension in adults that occurs during emergency situations, general anesthesia, and regional anesthesia, especially during cesarean sections. Cafedrine/theodrenaline may have advantages over other vasopressor drugs. For example, it can be administered via bolus while catecholamines normally need to be diluted and administered via syringe pumps. Bolus injection is faster, which may be beneficial in emergency situations, plus it is more cost efficient with respect to the disposables. Cafedrine/theodrenaline has been widely used in Germany since 1963

Etafenone is an antiarrhythmic and coronary vasodilator drug. Etafenone exerts negative inotropic action on myocardium. It is able to block calcium channels. As a coronary vasodilator which produces a decrease in the heart rate and myocardial oxygen consumption, etafenone has been used in the therapy of ischemic heart disease.

Butalamine hydrochloride under the brand name Adrevil forte is an effective drug for the treatment of patients suffering from blood flow disorders of the lower extremities.

Ciclonicate is a vasodilator and is used in cerebral and peripheral vascular disorders. Ciclonicate, given orally, markedly reduced basal and stimulated lipolysis. In 24-h-fasted rats its antilipolytic activity was long-lasting. Cyclonicate would influence not only triglyceride hydrolysis, but also free fatty acid utilization by adipose tissue.

Cilnidipine (FRC-8653) is a dihydropyridine (DHP) type of calcium channel antagonist. The L-type Ca2+ channel blockade by cilnidipine affects predominantly vascular smooth muscle, thereby producing vasodilation of peripheral resistance vessels and coronary arteries. The blockade of N-type Ca2+ channels affects predominantly peripheral nerve endings of sympathetic neurons, thereby dilating blood vessels by lowering plasma catecholamine levels. Furthermore, renoprotective and neuroprotective effects as well as cardioprotective action of cilnidipine have been demonstrated in clinical practice or animal examinations. Cilnidipine was originated by Fuji & Rebio Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. and developed jointly with Ajinomoto for the treatment of hypertension. Cilnidipine has been launched in Japan.