Adrenochrome is a member of a class of chemicals known as aminochromes, each one derived by the oxidation of its precursor amine. Adrenochrome was proposed for the biogenesis of schizophrenia in 1952. Since that time the adrenochrome theory has been one of the most established and discussed theories in this field. It is known, that adrenochrome is toxic to myocar-dial tissue and may be responsible for fibril-lation and sudden death under stress. Aminochrome has been suggested as a physiological preclinical model capable of inducing five of the six mechanisms of Parkinson's disease. Until now, there is no evidence that aminochrome induces glial activation related to neuroinflammation, an important mechanism involved in the loss of dopaminergic neurons, but was shown, aminochrome neuroinflammatory ability and supported the hypothesis that it might be a better PD preclinical model to find new pharmacological treatment that stop the development of this disease.

Olcorolimus (also known as SAR-943), a 32-deoxo rapamycin was developed as an immunosuppressant that can inhibit proliferation signal via interaction with the mammalian target of rapamycin. It was shown that this drug could have beneficial effect in patients with severe asthma. However, information about the current development of this drug is not available.

Napsagatran [RO 466240], a reversible and highly selective thrombin inhibitor, was in development with Roche for use in myocardial infarction and thrombosis. Napsagatran efficiently inhibits and delays thrombin generation in human coagulating plasma. This reduced thrombin generation might be caused by inhibition of thrombin-mediated feedback reactions during blood coagulation. Ro 46-6240 inhibited clot-bound thrombin three times more potently than fluid-phase thrombin (IC50 19 vs 56 ng/ml) while hirudin was two times (IC50 8 vs 3 ng/ml) and heparin six times (IC50 1,205 vs 200 ng/ml) less active against clot-bound thrombin compared with fluid-phase thrombin.

Lomibuvir (VCH-222) is a novel, potent and selective inhibitor of non-nucleoside polymerase of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, with an IC50 range of 0.94-1.2 μM. Lomibuvir was generated from ViroChem's research programme investigating HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors. In phase 1 and 2 clinical studies, Lomibuvir demonstrated effective antiviral efficacy, with substantial reductions in plasma HCV RNA in patients chronically infected with genotype 1 HCV. On 15 May 2014 Vertex Pharmaceuticals completes a phase II trial in Hepatitis C (treatment-naive, combination therapy) in USA, Canada, Germany, Poland and United Kingdom (NCT01516918). On 26 Jul 2016 Trek Therapeutics acquires lomibuvir from Vertex Pharmaceuticals.

Pentamoxane was developed as a tranquilizer. Information about the further development of this compound is not available.

MLN8054 is a reversible, ATP competitive inhibitor of recombinant Aurora A, developed by Millennium Pharmaceuticals. MLN8054 was tested in phase I clinical trials against advanced solid tumors. Reversible somnolence probably due to off-target inhibition of alpha-1 subunit of GABA-A receptor was dose limiting and prevented achievement of plasma concentrations predicted necessary for target modulation.

P276-00 (also known as riviciclib) is a novel, potent, small-molecule, flavone-derived inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk), Cdk 4 D1, Cdk1 B, and Cdk9 T, with potent cytotoxic effects against chemosensitive and chemoresistant cancer cell lines. P276-00 was in phase II clinical trial for the treatment mantle cell lymphoma, but that study was terminated based on interim results and all subjects were off study at that time. Although, there were not the major safety or tolerability concerns. However, this drug successfully passed phase II clinical trial for the treatment Melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck, malignant melanoma and in combination with Gemcitabine in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer.

Golvatinib is a highly potent, small-molecule, ATP-competitive inhibitor of c-Met and multiple members of the Eph receptor family plus c-Kit and Ron. Eisai was developing an oral formulation of golvatinib, which acts as both a c-Met inhibitor and a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 antagonist with potential antineoplastic activity. Golvatinib binds to and inhibits the activities of both c-Met and VEGFR-2, which may inhibit tumor cell growth and survival of tumor cells that overexpress these receptor tyrosine kinases. c-Met and VEGFR-2 are upregulated in a variety of various tumor cell types and play important roles in tumor cell growth, migration and angiogenesis. Clinical trials involving several forms of cancer are currently underway.