Etofenamate is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used for the treatment of joint and muscular pain.

Bamidipine is an antihypertensive drug belonging to the dihydropyridine (DHP) group of calcium antagonists. The product was originally developed by Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical (Tokyo, Japan) and is currently marketed in Japan under the trade name of Hypoca (Astellas Pharma Inc, Tokyo, Japan). It is available in a modified-release formulation which has a gradual onset of action and is effective in a single daily oral dose of 10 to 20 mg. Bamidipine has selective action against cardiovascular calcium antagonist receptors and its antihypertensive action is related to the reduction of peripheral vascular resistance secondary to its vasodilatory action. The clinical antihypertensive efficacy of barnidipine is similar to that of other DHP calcium antagonists such as nitrendipine and amlodipine, and antihypertensives belonging to other drug classes such as atenolol and enalapril. Barnidipine has been found to be as efficacious and well tolerated as hydrochlorothiazide in the management of hypertension in elderly patients. Barnidipine is generally well tolerated. As with other DHP calcium antagonists, vasodilator adverse events such as headache, flushing and peripheral oedema account for most of the adverse events reported with its use and are usually transient. Oedema is less frequent than with amlodipine and nitrendipine. Its use is not associated with reflex tachycardia.

Clofenamide is a benzenedisulfonamide-based agent and carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitor with diuretic activity. Clofenamide inhibits CA, thereby preventing sodium, bicarbonate and thus water reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule resulting in diuresis.

Amicarbalide (Diampron) is an aromatic diamidine exerting piroplasmocidal properties. It is effective against bovine and equine babesiosis and anaplasmosis.

Nordazepam (INN; marketed under brand names Nordaz, Stilny, Madar, Vegesan, and Calmday) is a 1,4-benzodiazepine derivative with amnesic, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, and sedative properties. Nordazepam is an active metabolite of diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, clorazepate, prazepam, pinazepam, and medazepam, used primarily in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Nordazepam is a partial agonist at the GABAA receptor, which makes it less potent than other benzodiazepines, particularly in its amnesic and muscle-relaxing effects. Nordazepam’s elimination half-life is between 36 and 200 hours, with wide variation among individuals; factors such as age and gender are known to impact it. The variation of reported half-life are attributed to differences in nordazepam metabolism and that of its metabolites as nordazepam is hydroxylated to active metabolites such as oxazepam, before finally being glucuronidated and excreted in the urine. Common side effects of nordazepam include somnolence, which is more common in elderly patients and/or people on high-dose regimens. Hypotonia, which is much less common, is also associated with high doses and/or old age.

Etoperidone is an atypical antidepressant introduced in Europe in 1977. The activity of etoperidone is made mainly by its major metabolite 1-(3'-chlorophenyl)piperazine (mCPP). mCPP binds with different affinity to most of the serotonergic receptors and adrenergic receptors. This metabolite is an agonist of 5-HT2c and an antagonist of 5-HT2a. Part of etoperidone structure contributes to the activity in the α-adrenergic receptors. Etoperidone has been studied for the treatment of depression, tremors in Parkinson, extrapyramidal symptoms and male impotence. It is not certain if it was ever approved and marketed but its current status is withdrawn.

Levomethadyl acetate (LAAM) is a synthetic opioid agonist with actions qualitatively similar to morphine (a prototypic mu agonist) and affecting the central nervous system (CNS) and smooth muscle. Principal actions include analgesia and sedation. Tolerance to these effects develops with repeated use. An abstinence syndrome generally occurs upon cessation of chronic administration similar to that observed with other opiates, but with slower onset, more prolonged course, and less severe symptoms. LAAM exerts its clinical effects in the treatment of opiate abuse through two mechanisms. First, LAAM cross-substitutes for opiates of the morphinetype, suppressing symptoms of withdrawal in opiate-dependent individuals. Second, chronic oral administration of LAAM can produce sufficient tolerance to block the subjective “high” of usual doses of parenterally administered opiates. Since the introduction of levomethadyl in 1995, the manufacturer has received increasing reports of severe cardiac-related adverse events, including QT interval prolongation, Torsades de Pointes and cardiac arrest. Other cardiac-related adverse events have also been reported, including arrhythmias, syncope, and angina. These events led to the removal of levomethadyl from the European market in March 2001. A very small number of patients may benefit from levomethadyl, but the risk of continued distribution and use no longer outweighs the overall benefits.

Nitrendipine is a calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive. By deforming the channel, inhibiting ion-control gating mechanisms, and/or interfering with the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, nitrendipine inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium across the myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cell membranes. The decrease in intracellular calcium inhibits the contractile processes of the myocardial smooth muscle cells, causing dilation of the coronary and systemic arteries, increased oxygen delivery to the myocardial tissue, decreased total peripheral resistance, decreased systemic blood pressure, and decreased afterload.

Ciramadol is an opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic with low potential for dependency. Ciramadol appears to be an effective analgesic, with tolerable gastrointestinal central nervous system side effects at both the 30-and 90-mg dose levels. Ciramadol is a mixed agonist-antagonist for the μ-opioid receptor. Side effects might include nausea and vomiting.

SULFACLOZINE is a competitive antagonist of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), a precursor of folic acid, in protozoa and bacteria. It is indicated for treatment of coccidiosis in poultry due to infection with Eimeria species, fowl typhoid due to infection with Salmonella gallinarum and fowl cholera due to infection with Pasteurella multocida. Adverse reactions are liver damage, allergic reactions. In poultry undesirable effects, as inappetence, diarrhoea, growth depression, or haemorrhages after administration of sulfaclozine are rare. Prolong use may cause crystal urea.