Barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2, is also known as baryta. Barium hydroxide crystallizes as the octahydrate, which can be converted to the monohydrate by heating in air. The anhydrous hydroxide has only a secondary industrial importance; the monohydrate and octahydrate are used in industry on a far larger scale. Barium hydroxide, especially the monohydrate, is used to produce organic barium compounds such as additives for oil and stabilizers for plastics. In addition, barium hydroxide is used for dehydration and deacidification, especially for removing sulfuric acid from fats, oils, waxes, and glycerol.

A. W. Van Hoffman was the first to isolate sorbic acid from the berries of the mountain ash tree in the year 1859. The antimicrobial (preservative) properties of sorbic acid were recognized in the 1940's. In the late 1940's and 1950's it became commercially available. Sorbic acid and its potassium salt are now used in many countries in the production of sweet white wines. In the United States, BATF permits the use of sorbic acid and potassium sorbate to preserve wine. The maximum concentration of sorbic acid allowed in finished wine is 300 mg/L, (300 ppm). The antimicrobial action of sorbic acid is primarily against yeasts and molds. It's action against bacteria appears to be selective. The soluble sorbates are preferred when it is desired to use the preservative in liquid form, or when aqueous systems are to be preserved. Sodium sorbate in solid form is unstable and very rapidly undergoes oxidation on exposure to atmospheric oxygen. It is therefore not produced on the industrial scale. Aqueous solutions of sodium sorbate remain stable for some time. Calcium sorbate is used in the manufacture of fungistatic wrappers because it is highly stable to oxidation, but this use is very limited. Sorbic acid and sorbates can be directly added into the product. The products can be dipped or sprayed with aqueous solutions of sorbates. Dusting of food with dry sorbic acid is also possible but less recommended because sorbic acid irritates the skin and mucous membranes. Sorbic acid and particularly calcium sorbate can be used as active substances in fungistatic wrappers. A general survey of the numerous uses of sorbic acid in the food sector will be given. Some fields of application will be discussed that are either unimportant or not permitted in the U.K.

Benidipine is an orally triple L-, T-, and N-type calcium channel blocker for the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris synthesized and developed by Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd. Benidipine, approved in Japan in November 1991, has become one of the three best selling CCBs and is highly useful as a potent, long-lasting antihypertensive and antianginal agent.

Benidipine is an orally triple L-, T-, and N-type calcium channel blocker for the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris synthesized and developed by Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd. Benidipine, approved in Japan in November 1991, has become one of the three best selling CCBs and is highly useful as a potent, long-lasting antihypertensive and antianginal agent.

Terguride (INN), also known as trans-dihydrolisuride, is a serotonin receptor antagonist and dopamine receptor agonist of the ergoline family. Terguride is approved for and used in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia. Terguride is an oral, potent antagonist of 5-HT2B and 5-HT2A (serotonin) receptors. Serotonin stimulates the proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells and induces fibrosis in the wall of pulmonary arteries. Together, this causes vascular remodeling and narrowing of the pulmonary arteries. These changes result in increased vascular resistance and PAH. Due to the potential anti-proliferative and anti-fibrotic activity of terguride, this potential medicine could offer the hope of achieving reversal of pulmonary artery vascular remodeling and attenuation of disease progression. In May 2008, terguride was granted orphan drug status for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. In May 2010 Pfizer purchased worldwide rights for the drug.

Amphecloral (INN: amfecloral) is a phenethylamine derivative which was patented in 1960 as an amphetamine pro-drug with prolonged duration of action. Amfecloral was used as an appetite suppressant under the trade name Acutran, but is now no longer marketed. It is an anorectic drug with little to no stimulant activity. Amphecloral is metabolized to both d-(S)- and l-(R)-amphetamine.

Cloridarol is a vasodilator that was studied for the treatment of coronary insufficiency in Italy in the 1970s. In normolipidemic rats, cloridarol decreased plasma triglycerides without affecting cholesterolemia and fast- or norepinephrine-induced lipolysis. The drug proved effective in reducing fructose-induced hypertriglyceridemia and dietary hypercholesterolemia in rats.

Prenylamine, a slow Ca2+ channel blocker, was used to treat patients with angina pectoris, but because of the QT prolongation, this drug was withdrawn from the market. Prenylamine binds to calmodulin section and inhibits myosin light chain kinase.

Epicillin, a penicillin antibiotic, has never been approved in the USA, however, was studied for the treatment of childhood pneumonia, gonorrhea. Epicillin didn’t show any therapeutic advantages for parenteral treatment over ampicillin. By now, ampicillin remains the best-documented drug.

Naftidrofuryl (INN), also known as nafronyl or as the oxalate salt naftidrofuryl oxalate or nafronyl oxalate, is a vasodilator used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. The drug act as a selective antagonist of 5-HT2 receptors. Naftidrofuryl is marketed under a variety of trade names, including Artocoron, Azunaftil, Di-Actane, Dusodril, Enelbin, Frilix, Gevatran, Iridus, Iridux, Luctor, Nafti, Naftoling, Naftodril, Nafoxal, Praxilene, Sodipryl retard, and Vascuprax. Praxilene belongs to a group of medicines known as ‘metabolic activators’. These are used to treat different types of blood circulation problems. Praxilene allows the body to make better use of the oxygen in your blood. Praxilene is used to treat the following symptoms: cramp-like pains; cramps in legs at night; severe pain in r legs when people are resting (rest pain); pale or blue fingers or toes which get worse when it is cold; numbness, tingling or burning feelings in the fingers or toes (Raynaud’s syndrome or acrocyanosis); open sores on the legs or feet (trophic ulcers); poor circulation caused by diabetes (diabetic arteriopathy).