CHLORAL BETAINE, a chemical complex of chloral hydrate and betaine, is a nonbarbiturate sedative and hypnotic. It is indicated for sleep induction, preoperative sedation, and daytime sedation. CHLORAL BETAINE is converted to chloral hydrate in the body and its action on the central nervous system is identical with that of chloral hydrate.

Propylparaben is a bacteriostatic and fungistatic agent used as a preservative in cosmetic products, food and drugs. As a food additive, it has the E number E216. To increase the activity and reduce its dose propylparaben is used in a mixture with other parabens and in combination with other types of preservatives. Propylparaben is a chemical allergen capable of producing immunologically mediated hypersensitivity reactions. Chemically it is an ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid.

Biperiden, sold under the brandname Akineton was used as an adjunct in the therapy of all forms of parkinsonism (postencephalitic, arteriosclerotic and idiopathic). Was also useful in the control of extrapyramidal disorders due to central nervous system drugs such as phenothiazines and other groups of psychotropics. Biperiden is a weak peripheral anticholinergic agent. It has, therefore, some antisecretory, antispasmodic and mydriatic effects. In addition, biperiden possesses nicotinolytic activity. Parkinsonism is thought to result from an imbalance between the excitatory (cholinergic) and inhibitory (dopaminergic) systems in the corpus striatum. The mechanism of action of centrally active anticholinergic drugs such as biperiden is considered to relate to competitive antagonism of acetylcholine at cholinergic receptors in the corpus striatum, which then restores the balance. Atropine-like side effects such as dry mouth; blurred vision; drowsiness; euphoria or disorientation; urinary retention; postural hypotension; constipation; agitation; disturbed behavior may been seen. Only limited pharmacokinetic studies of biperiden in humans are available.

Halothane, USP is an inhalation anesthetic chemically designated 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane. Halothane, sold under the brand name Fluothane among others, is a general anesthetic. It can be used to start or maintain anesthesia. One of its benefits is that it does not increase the production of saliva which can be particularly useful in those who are difficult to intubate. Side effects include an irregular heartbeat, decreased effort to breath (respiratory depression), and liver problems. It should not be used in people with porphyria or a history of malignant hyperthermia either in themselves or their family members. It is unclear whether use during pregnancy is harmful to the baby, and it is not generally recommended for use during a cesarean section. Fluothane is no longer commercially available in the United States.

Tolbutamide is an oral antihyperglycemic agent used for the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). It is structurally similar to acetohexamide, chlorpropamide and tolazamide and belongs to the sulfonylurea class of insulin secretagogues, which act by stimulating β cells of the pancreas to release insulin. Sulfonylureas lower blood glucose in patients with NIDDM by directly stimulating the acute release of insulin from functioning beta cells of pancreatic islet tissue by an unknown process that involves a sulfonylurea receptor (receptor 1) on the beta cell. Sulfonylureas inhibit the ATP-potassium channels on the beta cell membrane and potassium efflux, which results in depolarization and calcium influx, calcium-calmodulin binding, kinase activation, and release of insulin-containing granules by exocytosis, an effect similar to that of glucose.

DL-Methionine is a racemic form of the respective sulfur aminoacid. DL-Methionine participates in synthesis of tissue proteins, vitamins, enzymes and hormones taking part in nitrogen, carbohydrate and fat metabolisms, and it is the important source of methyl groups for synthesis of all nucleic acids, as well as the sulfur source for sulfonic compounds. Methionine is used to prevent liver damage in acetaminophen (Tylenol) poisoning. It is also used for increasing the acidity of urine, treating liver disorders, and improving wound healing. Other uses include treating depression, alcoholism, allergies, asthma, copper poisoning, radiation side effects, schizophrenia, drug withdrawal, and Parkinson's disease. It is also used as a food additive in livestock to boost performance. DL-Methionin is the first limiting amino acid in poultry, and probably also in high-yielding cows, and is the second or third limiting amino acid in pigs fed conventional diets.

Propyliodone (INN, trade name Dionosil) is a molecule used as a contrast medium. It was developed by a team at Imperial Chemical Industries in the late 1930s. Propyliodone used as radiopque medium for brochographic use. When directly instilled into the bronchi resulting in well-defined bronchograms for atleast 30 min. Because of its toxicity, Propyliodone should only be used if absolutely essential. It is of Synthetic origin and belongs to Iodinated Radio-opaque Compounds. It belongs to Radiopaque Agents pharmacological group on the basis of mechanism of action and also classified in Diagnostic Aids pharmacological group. Oral absorption of Propyliodone is found to be 101% and metabolism is reported Lungs and Gut wall. Propyliodone is primarily indicated in conditions like Paget's disease of bone, Radiological contrast agent. Propyliodone produces potentially life-threatening effects which include Fever, Anaphylaxis, Repiratory obstruction, Cerebral embolization, which are responsible for the discontinuation of Propyliodone therapy. The signs and symptoms that are produced after the acute overdosage of Propyliodone include Airway obstruction. The symptomatic adverse reactions produced by Propyliodone are more or less tolerable and if they become severe, they can be treated symptomatically, these include Headache, Fever, Malaise, Nausea and vomiting, Aching joints.

Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside derived from the purple foxglove flower. In 1785, the English chemist, botanist, and physician Sir William Withering published his findings that Digitalis purpurea could be used to treat cardiac dropsy (congestive heart failure; CHF). Digoxin has been in use for many years, but was not approved by the FDA for treatment of heart failure (HF) until the late 1990s. Another FDA indication for digoxin is atrial fibrillation (AF). Digoxin also has numerous off-label uses, such as in fetal tachycardia, supra-ventricular tachycardia, cor pulmonale, and pulmonary hypertension. Digitoxin inhibits the Na-K-ATPase membrane pump, resulting in an increase in intracellular sodium and calcium concentrations. Increased intracellular concentrations of calcium may promote activation of contractile proteins (e.g., actin, myosin). Digoxin also has Para sympathomimetic properties. By increasing vagal tone in the sinoatrial and atrioventricular (AV) nodes, it slows the heart rate and AV nodal conduction.

Reserpine is an alkaloid, isolated from the Rauwolfia serpentina plant and developed by Ciba pharma. Reserpine was approved by FDA for the treatment of hypertension and psychotic disorders. The drug exerts its effect by blocking two vesicular monoamine transporters, VMAT1 and VMAT2. The blockade results in vesicles that lose their ability to store neurotransmitter molecules. Neurotransmitters, thus retained in cytosol, are then neutralized by MAO.

Iopanoic acid is a representative iodinated ionic monomeric contrast medium.