Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is an endogenous hydrophilic bile acid used clinically to treat certain liver diseases. It is approved in Italy and Turkey for the treatment of cholesterol gallstones and is an investigational drug in China, Unites States, and Italy. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid is being investigated for use in several conditions such as Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC), insulin resistance, amyloidosis, Cystic Fibrosis, Cholestasis, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDC) promote choleresis by triggering the insertion of transport proteins for bile acids into the canalicular and basolateral membranes of hepatocytes. In addition, Tauroursodeoxycholate exerts hepatoprotective and anti-apoptotic effects, can counteract the action of toxic bile acids and reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress. Tauroursodeoxycholate can also initiate the differentiation of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) including hepatic stellate cells and promote their development into hepatocyte-like cells. Although the hepatoprotective and choleretic action of TUDC is empirically used in clinical medicine since decades, the underlying molecular mechanisms remained largely unclear.

Yohimbine is a plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. The exact mechanism for its use in impotence has not been fully elucidated. Yohimbine exerts antagonist actions at halpha(2A)-AR, h5-HT(1B), h5-HT(1D), and hD(2) sites, partial agonist actions at h5-HT(1A) sites. Yohimbine-mediated norepinephrine release at the level of the corporeal tissues may also be involved. In addition, beneficial effects may involve other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin and cholinergic receptors. Yohimbine has a mild anti-diuretic action, probably via stimulation of hypothalmic center and release of posterior pituitary hormone. Reportedly yohimbine exerts no significant influence on cardiac stimulation and other effects mediated by (beta)-adrenergic receptors. Its effect on blood pressure, if any, would be to lower it; however, no adequate studies are at hand to quantitate this effect in terms of Yohimbine dosage. Side effect of Yohimbine include anxiety, tremor, palpitations, diarrhea, and supine hypertension.

N-Acetylglucosamine (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, or GlcNAc,) is a monosaccharide and a derivative of glucose. It is part of a biopolymer in the bacterial cell wall, built from alternating units of GlcNAc and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc), cross-linked with oligopeptides at the lactic acid residue of MurNAc. This layered structure is called peptidoglycan (formerly called murein). GlcNAc is the monomeric unit of the polymer chitin, which forms the outer coverings of insects and crustaceans. It is the main component of the radulas of mollusks, the beaks of cephalopods, and a major component of the cell walls of most fungi. It is lnsown, that the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans is an important consequence of inflammation at mucosal surfaces, and inhibition of metalloprotease activity may be effective in treating chronic inflammation. GlcNAc directly incorporates into glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins, as a substrate for tissue repair mechanisms. It was shown, that GlcNAc was promising substance for treatment of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, with a mode of action which is distinct from conventional treatments. In experiments on rabbits with osteoarthritis, was found chondroprotective effects of aminomonosaccharide glucosamine, but no statistically significant difference was found between study groups. It was also investigated for the treatment of Multiple sclerosis, however, as a drug development target, GlcNAc had significant limitations. GlcNAc has poor membrane permeability, requiring high concentrations for biological effects.

Methylparaben (E number E218) is preservative in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. It is completely absorbed through the skin or after ingestion and and it is hydrolyzed to para-hydroxybenzoic acid, and metabolites are rapidly excreted in the urine. Methylparaben is on the FDA generally regarded as safe list.

DEANOL is an inactive component of CERAVE® hydrocortisone anti-itch cream, which is used for temporarily relieve itching associated with minor skin irritations, inflammation, and rashes due to eczema, soaps, detergents, cosmetics, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis. DEANOL is also used as a food additive.

Pregnenolone sulfate is an endogenous neurosteroid with excitatory effects in the brain, acting as a potent negative allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor, a positive allosteric modulator of the NMDA receptor, and activator of transient receptor potential cation channel TRPM1 and TRPM3. In the model of schizophrenia, treatment with pregnenolone sulfate normalized the hyperlocomotion and stereotypic bouts, and rescued the PPI deficits of dopamine transporter knockout mice. Promnesic properties of pregnenolone sulfate were demonstrated in rat models of spatial memory performance.

Glucuronolactone (Glucurolactone) is a key ingredient included in many popular energy drinks.It promotes improvements in alertness as well as physical performance. Glucuronolactone is a naturally occurring metabolite of glucose. It is ‘ergogenic’ in that it is designed to enhance physical performance. Clinical studies on energy drinks, such as Red Bull®, have shown that they:Improve physical (aerobic and anaerobic) performance; Increase alertness, memory recall and focus;Improve reaction times. A Chinese study found that a herbal supplement containing glucuronolactone, resulted in a marked improvement in patients with hepatic fibrosis resulting from Hepatitis B.

METHYLHEXANEAMINE, an amphetamine derivative, is also known as 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA). It was introduced in 1948 as a nasal inhaler for allergic or infectious rhinitis. By the 1970s, it had been withdrawn from the market. DMAA is currently used as an ingredient in many sports performance and weight loss products. According to FDA, it is not a dietary ingredient, and DMAA-containing products marketed as dietary supplements are illegal and their marketing violates the law.

Octodrine is a stimulant that is structurally similar to amphetamine and is included in several so-called “pre-workout” and “fat-burning” supplements. Octodrine, has a history of use as a pharmaceutical drug. It was originally developed in the United States as an aerosolized treatment for bronchitis, laryngitis and other conditions Initially approved by the FDA in 1946 as Eskay’s Oralator, this inhaler appeared only in the 1949 edition of the Physicians’ Desk Reference. Octodrine was combined with several other medications, including theophylline, 3-octopamine, and adenosine, in multi-ingredient tablets sold between the early 1960s through the mid-2000s under the trade names Ambredin, Ordinal, Ordinal Retard and Ordinal Forte. Some proponents say octodrine is a safer alternative to other stimulants like ephedra and Dimethylamylamine (DMAA), but there is no scientific information to support this claim. Originally developed in the early 1950’s as a remedy to nasal congestion and as a possible anti-tumor drug, Octodrine has resurfaced as a key ingredient in dietary supplements for its stimulant and thermogenic benefits.