Strontium ranelate is composed of an organic moiety (ranelic acid) and of two atoms of stable nonradioactive strontium. In vitro, strontium ranelate increases collagen and noncollagenic proteins synthesis by mature osteoblast enriched cells. The effects of strontium ranelate on bone formation were confirmed as strontium ranelate enhanced pre-osteoblastic cell replication. The stimulation by strontium ranelate of the replication of osteoprogenitor cell and collagen, as well as noncollagenic protein synthesis in osteoblasts, provides substantial evidence to categorize strontium ranelate as a bone-forming agent. In the isolated rat osteoclast assay, a pre-incubation of bone slices with strontium ranelate induced a dose- dependent inhibition of the bone resorbing activity of treated rat osteoclast. Strontium ranelate also dose-dependently inhibited, in a chicken bone marrow culture, the expression of both carbonic anhydrase II and the alpha-subunit of the vitronectin receptor. These effects showing that strontium ranelate significantly affects bone resorption due to a direct and/or matrix-mediated inhibition of osteoclast activity and also inhibits osteoclasts differentiation, are compatible with the profile of an anti-resorptive drug. Pharmacological and clinical studies suggest that strontium ranelate optimizes bone resorption and bone formation, resulting in increased bone mass, which may be of great value in the treatment of osteoporosis. Strontium ranelate is approved by EMA for the treatment of severe osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and in adult men.

Sulfites are compounds that contain the sulfite ion. The sulfite ion is the conjugate base of bisulfite. Although its acid is elusive, its salts are widely used. Sulfite is used in the photography industry to protect developing solutions from oxidation, in the pulp and paper industry, in water treatment as an oxygen scavenger agent, as a desulfurizing and dechlorinating agent in the leather industry and as a bleaching agent in textile industry. Sodium sulfite is a component in many pharmaceuticals, which is effective to maintain the potency and stability of drugs. It is added to a number of drug preparations as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. Sulfite is used as a food preservative. Topical, oral or parenteral exposure to sulphites has been reported to induce a range of adverse clinical effects in sensitive individuals, ranging from dermatitis, urticaria, flushing, hypotension, abdominal pain and diarrhoea to life-threatening anaphylactic and asthmatic reactions. Exposure to the sulphites arises mainly from the consumption of foods and drinks that contain these additives; however, exposure may also occur through the use of pharmaceutical products, as well as in occupational settings. Sulfite is accepted for use as a food additive in Europe. Sodium sulfite is generally recognized as safe by FDA. It is included in FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (epidural, IM, IV, and SC injections; inhalation solution; ophthalmic solutions; oral syrups and suspensions; otic solutions; topical creams and emulsions). Included in nonparenteral medicines licensed in the UK.

Silver iodide is an inorganic compound with the formula AgI. It is used as a photosensitive agent in photography, as a local antiseptic, as a chemical intermediate, and in cloud seeding for rain-making. The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of silver iodide stem from its toxicologic properties. Effects from exposure may include skin rashes, conjunctivitis, argyria (a permanent ashen-gray discoloration of skin, conjunctiva, and internal organs), headache, fever, hypersensitivity, laryngitis, and bronchitis.

Silver iodide is an inorganic compound with the formula AgI. It is used as a photosensitive agent in photography, as a local antiseptic, as a chemical intermediate, and in cloud seeding for rain-making. The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of silver iodide stem from its toxicologic properties. Effects from exposure may include skin rashes, conjunctivitis, argyria (a permanent ashen-gray discoloration of skin, conjunctiva, and internal organs), headache, fever, hypersensitivity, laryngitis, and bronchitis.

Stibophen (Fuadin), an organic trivalent antimony compound, has been used for many years in the treatment of schistosomiasis. Stibophen is used as treatment of schistosomiasis by intramuscular injection. Stibophen is known to act by selectively inhibiting worm PFK.

Valeric acid is a colorless, oily liquid with an unpleasant odor. It is highly corrosive and must be handled with care. Valeric acid is mainly used as a chemical intermediate to manufacture flavors and perfumes, synthetic lubricants, agricultural chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. It is also used as a flavoring aid in foods. Valeric acid is considered safe as a food additive by the World Health Organization.

There is no information related to biological or pharmacological application of lead(II) bromide (a combustion product of the gasoline additives lead (IV) tetraethyl and 1,2-dibromoethane). It is only known, that this substance possesses mutagenicity.

Strontium ranelate is composed of an organic moiety (ranelic acid) and of two atoms of stable nonradioactive strontium. In vitro, strontium ranelate increases collagen and noncollagenic proteins synthesis by mature osteoblast enriched cells. The effects of strontium ranelate on bone formation were confirmed as strontium ranelate enhanced pre-osteoblastic cell replication. The stimulation by strontium ranelate of the replication of osteoprogenitor cell and collagen, as well as noncollagenic protein synthesis in osteoblasts, provides substantial evidence to categorize strontium ranelate as a bone-forming agent. In the isolated rat osteoclast assay, a pre-incubation of bone slices with strontium ranelate induced a dose- dependent inhibition of the bone resorbing activity of treated rat osteoclast. Strontium ranelate also dose-dependently inhibited, in a chicken bone marrow culture, the expression of both carbonic anhydrase II and the alpha-subunit of the vitronectin receptor. These effects showing that strontium ranelate significantly affects bone resorption due to a direct and/or matrix-mediated inhibition of osteoclast activity and also inhibits osteoclasts differentiation, are compatible with the profile of an anti-resorptive drug. Pharmacological and clinical studies suggest that strontium ranelate optimizes bone resorption and bone formation, resulting in increased bone mass, which may be of great value in the treatment of osteoporosis. Strontium ranelate is approved by EMA for the treatment of severe osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and in adult men.

Stibophen (Fuadin), an organic trivalent antimony compound, has been used for many years in the treatment of schistosomiasis. Stibophen is used as treatment of schistosomiasis by intramuscular injection. Stibophen is known to act by selectively inhibiting worm PFK.