Hydrocortamate is a synthetic glucocorticoid possessing anti-inflammatory properties and acting as a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. Hydrocortamate was used under the brand name Magnacor to treat inflammation due to corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses btut that usage has been discontinued.

Novobiocin (also known as streptonivicin) is an aminocoumarin antibiotic, active against Staphylococcus epidermidis. Novobiocin and other aminocoumarin antibiotics act as a potent competitive inhibitor of DNA gyrase B. The oral form of the drug was withdrawn from the market in 1999 due to safety or effectiveness reasons. Later it was discovered that novobiocin inhibited Hsp90 and topoisomerase II, and novobiocin was investigated in clinical trials against metastatic breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Topical form of novobiocin was investigated in combination with nalidixic acid for treatment of psoriasis.

Pipradrol (Meratran) is a psychoactive agent and a central nervous system stimulant useful in the field of psychiatry. In vitro study has shown that pipradrol inhibits the reuptake of and stimulates the release of dopamine and norepinephrine. In these pharmacodynamic actions it is less potent than d-amphetamine. It was shown that pipradrol conditioned place preference (CPP) was blocked by selective D1 dopamine antagonist SCH23390 suggesting that a rewarding effect of pipradrol establishment of a CPP may involve activation of D1 dopamine receptors. Pipradrol was initially used as an adjunct in the dietary management of obesity as well as for the treatment of dementia. There have been a number of reports on the properties of pipradrol showing its favorable effects in the treatment of depression and fatigue status as well as a variety of other conditions including narcolepsy, spasmodic torticollis, schizophrenia and in geriatric practice. Pipradrol has a definite cerebral stimulating effect without affecting the blood pressure or respiration and has been used to counteract post-anasthetic and chlorpromazine depression in man. Structurally related to -phenylmethylamphetamine, a potent stimulant with a long half-life, pipradrol differs from amphetamine in that its action is more intense at higher centres, it lacks pressor activity, there is no post-excitement depression, and it does not depress the desire for food as occurs with amphetamine. The drug however is enhancing the existing pathologic behavior such as exacerbating pre-existing anxiety and is considered the drug of abuse. Meratran has certain indications and contraindications. Indications are schizophrenics without delusions having restriction of interest and activity and with depressant features, psycho-motor retardation and/or blocking of communication, long-term hospitalized schizophrenics with severe deterioration while contraindications are patients with delusions, anxiety, disturbed patients with cerebral arteriosclerosis. Pipradrol was made illegal in many countries in 1970s due to its abuse potential. It is classified under the Misuse of Drugs Act as a Class C substance. The combination of pipradrol with multivitamins and minerals marketed as Alertonic Elixir is used as adjunctive therapy in combating fatigue resulting from emotional or nutritional causes.

Procyclidine is a muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain. Procyclidine hydrochloride (brand name Kemadrin) is a synthetic antispasmodic compound of relatively low toxicity. It has been shown to be useful for the symptomatic treatment of parkinsonism (paralysis agitans) and extrapyramidal dysfunction caused by tranquilizer therapy. Procyclidine hydrochloride was developed at The Wellcome Research Laboratories as the most promising of a series of antiparkinsonism compounds produced by chemical modification of antihistamines. Kemadrin is indicated in the treatment of parkinsonism including the postencephalitic, arteriosclerotic, and idiopathic types. Partial control of the parkinsonism symptoms is the usual therapeutic accomplishment. Procyclidine hydrochloride is usually more efficacious in the relief of rigidity than tremor; but tremor, fatigue, weakness, and sluggishness are frequently beneficially influenced. It can be substituted for all the previous medications in mild and moderate cases. For the control of more severe cases, other drugs may be added to procyclidine therapy as indications warrant. The mechanism of action is unknown. It is thought that procyclidine acts by blocking central cholinergic receptors, and thus balancing cholinergic and dopaminergic activity in the basal ganglia. Pharmacologic tests have shown that procyclidine hydrochloride has an atropine-like action and exerts an antispasmodic effect on smooth muscle. It is a potent mydriatic and inhibits salivation. It has no sympathetic ganglionblocking activity in doses as high as 4 mg/kg, as measured by the lack of inhibition of the response of the nictitating membrane to preganglionic electrical stimulation.

Nylidrin (Buphenine, Arlidin) is a beta-adrenergic agonist. Nylidrin causes peripheral vasodilation, a positive inotropic effect, and increased gastric volume of gastric juice. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders and premature labor. In peripheral vascular disorders, Arlidin (nylidrin HCl) increases walking ability and promotes healing of trophic ulcers. Nylidrin hydrochloride acts predominantly by beta-receptor stimulation. Beta stimulation with nylidrin has been demonstrated in a variety of isolated tissues from rabbits, guinea pigs and dogs. It has been shown to dilate arterioles in skeletal muscle and to increase cardiac output in the anesthetized dog and cat and in unanesthetized man. An increase in cerebral blood flow and a decrease in vascular resistance has also been reported. The result of this combination of actions is a greater blood supply to ischemic tissues, with usually minimal change in blood pressure. Arlidin may be of benefit in elderly patients with mild to moderate symptoms that are commonly associated with organic mental disorders. Short-term (3 months’ duration) and long-term (12 months’ duration) clinical studies have demonstrated a modest improvement in ability to perform general activities of daily living, self-care and in a capability for social interactions. The mechanism whereby nylidrin may provide relief of selected symptoms in some elderly patients with organic brain disorders is not known.

Azacyclonol (aka gamma-pipradrol) is an ataractive agent; a compound which diminished hallucinations in psychotic individuals. It is sometimes referred to as a tranquilizer or antipsychotic, though it does not actually possess these properties. It was used in Europe during the 1950's for treatment of schizophrenia; likely to reduce the psychedelic effects of LSD and mescaline. However, it had mixed clinical effectiveness and did not gain widespread adoption and was eventually discontinued. Azacyclonol was sold under several trade names: Ataractan, Calmeran, Frenoton, Frenquel and Psychosan.

Reserpine is an alkaloid, isolated from the Rauwolfia serpentina plant and developed by Ciba pharma. Reserpine was approved by FDA for the treatment of hypertension and psychotic disorders. The drug exerts its effect by blocking two vesicular monoamine transporters, VMAT1 and VMAT2. The blockade results in vesicles that lose their ability to store neurotransmitter molecules. Neurotransmitters, thus retained in cytosol, are then neutralized by MAO.

Reserpine is an alkaloid, isolated from the Rauwolfia serpentina plant and developed by Ciba pharma. Reserpine was approved by FDA for the treatment of hypertension and psychotic disorders. The drug exerts its effect by blocking two vesicular monoamine transporters, VMAT1 and VMAT2. The blockade results in vesicles that lose their ability to store neurotransmitter molecules. Neurotransmitters, thus retained in cytosol, are then neutralized by MAO.

Reserpine is an alkaloid, isolated from the Rauwolfia serpentina plant and developed by Ciba pharma. Reserpine was approved by FDA for the treatment of hypertension and psychotic disorders. The drug exerts its effect by blocking two vesicular monoamine transporters, VMAT1 and VMAT2. The blockade results in vesicles that lose their ability to store neurotransmitter molecules. Neurotransmitters, thus retained in cytosol, are then neutralized by MAO.

Reserpine is an alkaloid, isolated from the Rauwolfia serpentina plant and developed by Ciba pharma. Reserpine was approved by FDA for the treatment of hypertension and psychotic disorders. The drug exerts its effect by blocking two vesicular monoamine transporters, VMAT1 and VMAT2. The blockade results in vesicles that lose their ability to store neurotransmitter molecules. Neurotransmitters, thus retained in cytosol, are then neutralized by MAO.