Chlorogenic acid is the ester of caffeic acid and (-)-quinic acid. Chlorogenic acid is a naturally occurring plant metabolite and can be found with the related compounds cryptochlorgenic acid and neochlorogenic acid in the leaves of Hibiscus sabdariffa, coffee, potato, eggplant, peaches, and prunes. Chlorogenic acid has been investigated as a dietary supplement to improve glucose intolerant hypoglycemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. It has also been identified as a potential anticancer agent by reducing the expression of HIF-1a and Sphingosine Kinase-1. Chlorogenic acid was also identified as a neuraminidase blocker effective against influenza A virus (H1N1 and H3N2).

Sodium tripolyphosphate hexahydrate (sodium trimetaphosphate) is used in laundry detergent as a detergent "builder". It may also be used as a buffering agent. It has been shown that fluoride varnishes containing sodium trimetaphosphate reduce enamel demineralization. Sodium trimetaphosphate enhances the effect of 250 p.p.m. fluoride toothpaste against enamel demineralization in vitro. It also demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity, especially against S. mutans, and may be considered a potential alternative for new dental materials.

BNC105P, a vascular disrupting agent, is a disodium phosphate ester prodrug of BNC105. BNC105P is a tubulin polymerization inhibitor that suppresses cancer cell proliferation. BNC105P participated in phase I/II trial for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Although the primary endpoint was not met in an unselected population, correlative studies suggested several biomarkers that warrant further prospective evaluation. Besides, BNC105P was involved in phase II clinical trial as second-line chemotherapy for advanced malignant pleural mesothelioma. The drug was safe and tolerable, but the sole response was insufficient to warrant further research as a single agent. In addition, BNC105P in combination with Ibrutinib was studied in phase I trials for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia to determine the preliminary assessment of the efficacy.

3-Indolepropionic acid (IN-OX1; Indole-3-propionic acid; OX-1; Oxigon; SHP 22; SHP-622; VP-20629), an endogenous substance produced by bacteria in the intestine, is a deamination product of Tryptophan (T947200) that protects the hippocampus (studied in gerbils) from ischemic damage and oxidative stress. It’s ability to protect the neurons in this way is attributed to its potent antioxidative effects. 3-Indolepropionic acid is also hypothesized to have protective effects on the thyroid gland. 3-Indolepropionic acid is being studied for therapeutic use in Alzheimer's disease. 3-Indolepropionic acid (IPA) completely protected primary neurons and neuroblastoma cells against oxidative damage and death caused by exposure to Abeta, by inhibition of superoxide dismutase, or by treatment with hydrogen peroxide. In kinetic competition experiments using free radical-trapping agents, the capacity of IPA to scavenge hydroxyl radicals exceeded that of melatonin, an indoleamine considered to be the most potent naturally occurring scavenger of free radicals. In contrast with other antioxidants, IPA was not converted to reactive intermediates with pro-oxidant activity. In 2011, Intellect redirected the focus of the OX1 program from Alzheimer's disease to FA (Friedreich's Ataxia). Research suggests that the symptoms associated with FA are the result of oxidative stress caused by the abnormal accumulation of iron. OX1's ability to neutralize ROS could be an effective agent to reduce oxidative stress in FA, thereby eliminating the symptoms of FA and increasing both quality of life and longevity in affected individuals.

Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is a C-methylated derivative of malonate. Elevated levels of methylmalonic acid result from inherited defects of enzymes involved in MMA metabolism or inherited or acquired deficiencies of vitamin B12 or its downstream metabolites. MMA is also a specific diagnostic marker for the group of disorders collectively called methylmalonic acidemia.

Prodolic acid is an indole derivative patented by American Home Products Corp. as antiinflammatory agent. Prodolic acid acts as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compound and inhibits bradykinin-induced bronchoconstriction but did not affects histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in the guinea pig. In preclinical studies, Prodolic acid exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activity in adjuvant arthritic rats.

Rumenic acid is the major conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), probably because of successive desaturation and chain elongation and can be considered as the principal dietary form. In experiments on rodents was shown that rumenic acid possessed the protective effect against colitis, which was associated with the activation of the Nrf2 pathway.