Lasalocid is a polyether ionophore with potent antibacterial activity. Lasalocid was developed as an animal health product for treatment of coccidia. Lasalocid is able to form neutral complexes with monovalent and divalent cations and transport the ions through apolar phase (including lipid bilayer membranes). Interestingly, lasalocid can also transport larger organic cations, e.g. protonated dopamine. Lasalocid is used for the prevention of coccidiosis caused by Eimeria tenella, E. necatrix, E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. mivati, and E. maxima, and for increased rate of weight gain and improved feed efficiency in broiler chickens. Also used for control of coccidiosis caused by Eimeria bovis and E. zuernii in cattle up to 800 lbs. and for prevention of coccidiosis caused by Eimeria ovina, E. crandallis, E. ovinoidalis (E. ninakohlyakimovae), E. parva and E. intricata in sheep maintained in confinement. Lasalocid has being shown to induce cytotoxic apoptosis and cytoprotective autophagy through reactive oxygen species in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Lasalocid should be useful in the search for new potential chemotherapeutic agents for understanding the molecular mechanisms of anticancer in prostate cancer cells.

Domperidone is a peripherally selective D2 receptor antagonist. It acts as an antiemetic and a prokinetic agent through its effects on the chemoreceptor trigger zone and motor function of the stomach and small intestine. Domperidone was not approved in USA due to risks of cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, and sudden death, but is available in other countries. However, FDA allows access to Domperidone through an expanded access investigational new drug application (IND) to patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease with upper GI symptoms, gastroparesis, and chronic constipation. As an “off-label” use, domperidone is prescribed to breastfeeding women to enhance their milk production.

Toceranib (toceranib phosphate) is an orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor that blocks a variety of RTKs, including VEGFR2, PDGFRa and KIT. In non-clinical pharmacology studies, toceranib selectively inhibited the tyrosine kinase activity of several members of the split kinase receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family, some of which are implicated in tumor growth, pathologic angiogenesis, and metastatic progression of cancer. Toceranib inhibited the activity of Flk-1/KDR tyrosine kinase (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, VEGFR2), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), and stem cell factor receptor (Kit) in both biochemical and cellular assays. Toceranib has been shown to exert an antiproliferative effect on endothelial cells in vitro. Toceranib treatment can induce cell cycle arrest and subsequent apoptosis in tumor cell lines expressing activating mutations in the split kinase RTK, ckit. Canine mast cell tumor growth is frequently driven by activating mutations in c-kit. Toceranib is a dog-specific anti-cancer drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. It is marketed as Palladia as its phosphate salt, toceranib phosphate by Pfizer. PALLADIA (Toceranib) tablets are indicated for the treatment of Patnaik grade II or III, recurrent, cutaneous mast cell tumors with or without regional lymph node involvement in dogs.

Laidlomycin is a polycyclic polyether antibiotic which possesses an inhibitory activity against various mycoplasma species}, and is effective in controlling coccidiosis in chickens. It is also known as selectively inhibiting the migration of hemagglutinin glycoprotein from Golgi apparatus to the cell surface in measles virus). Laidlomycin inhibited growth of some Gram-positive bacteria only at high concentrations such as 50-100 ug/ml, but was not active against Gram-negative bacteria, yeast and fungi even at concentration of 1,000 ug/ml. In broth dilution, laidlomycin was active against several illycoplasmas and most active against the sterol-nonrequiring mycoplasma, Acholeplasma laidlawii. Under the brand name Cattlyst Laidlomycin is indicated for improved feed efficiency and increased rate of weight gain in cattle fed in confinement for slaughter.

Tylosin (trade names Tylocine, Tylan) is a bacteriostat feed additive used in veterinary medicine. It has a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive organisms and a limited range of Gram-negative organisms. It is found naturally as a fermentation product of Streptomyces fradiae. It is a macrolide antibiotic. Tylosin is used in veterinary medicine to treat bacterial infections in a wide range of species and has a high margin of safety. Tylosin is certified by the FDA but is only approved for use in livestock such as cattle, chickens, swine, and turkeys. The FDA has prohibited the use of tylosin in dogs and cats, except where it is specifically prescribed by a veterinarian. Tylosin has a bacteriostatic effect on susceptible organisms, caused by inhibition of protein synthesis through binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome.

Clopidol is an anticoccidial drug used in chickens and turkeys in oredr to prevent coccidiosis and leucocytozoonosis. The drug is approved by FDA and is marketed under the names Coyden 25 and Lerbek 25 (in combination with methylbenzoquate).

Decoquinate is a quinolone derivative that is used in the control of coccidiosis in domestic animals. Decoquinate treats and prevents coccidiosis in chickens, cattle, goats, sheep, etc. Decoquinate acts on sporozoites development and prevents their penetration of the gut epithelium. Decoquinate inhibits mitochondrial respiration and electron transport in Eimeria.

Ractopamine is a feed additive to promote leanness in animals raised for their meat. Pharmacologically, it is a TAAR1 agonist and β adrenoreceptor agonist that stimulates β1 and β2 adrenergic receptors. Ractopamine is known to increase the rate of weight gain, improve feed efficiency, and increase carcass leanness in finishing swine. Its use in finishing swine yields about three kilograms of additional lean pork and improves feed efficiency by 10%. Ractopamine is the active ingredient in products known as Paylean for swine and Optaflexx for cattle, developed by Elanco Animal Health, a division of Eli Lilly and Company, for use in food animals for growth promotion. Ractopamine use has been banned in most countries, including the European Union, mainland China and Russia while 27 other countries, such as Japan, the United States, Canada, and South Korea, have deemed meat from livestock fed ractopamine safe for human consumption. Ractopamine is safe for finishing pigs heavier than 240 lb (110 kg) when administered in the diet at concentrations up to 10 ppm and fed for up to 35 days.

Emodepside is a semi-synthetic product (originated by Astellas and out-licensed to Bayer for animal and human use); its precursor is synthesized by a fungus living in the leaves of Camellia japonica. It is a potent antihelminthic drug used in combination with praziquantel (as Profender®) and in combination with toltrazuril (as Procox®) for the treatment of parasitic worms in cats and dogs. Emodepside, a semi-synthetic derivative of PF1022A, belongs to a new class of anthelmintic drugs, the cyclooctadepsipeptides, and shows good efficacy against macrocyclic lactone-, levamisole- or benzimidazole-resistant nematode populations. Although putative receptors for emodepside have already been discovered, its mode of action is still not fully understood. It has being suggested that GABA(A)-receptor UNC-49 is associated with the emodepside mode of action. It has also being shown that Emodepside binds to a presynaptic latrophilin receptor in nematodes. The following presynaptic signal transduction occurs via activation of Gqalpha protein and phospholipase-Cbeta, which leads to mobilization of diacylglycerol (DAG). DAG then activates UNC-13 and synaptobrevin, two proteins which play an important role in presynaptic vesicle-functioning. This finally leads to the release of a currently unidentified transmitter. The transmitter (or modulator) exerts its effects at the postsynaptic membrane and induces a flaccid paralysis of the pharynx and the somatic musculature in nematodes.

Maropitant (trade name Cerenia in the U.S. and other countries), used as maropitant citrate is a neurokinin (NK1) receptor antagonist, which was developed by Zoetis specifically for the treatment of motion sickness and vomiting in dogs. It was approved by the FDA in 2007 for use in dogs, and was later approved for use in cats. Maropitant also has anti-nociceptive (analgesic) properties. Maropitant inhibits binding of substance P to NK-1 receptors. Substance P is an emetogen experimentally, and is found endogenously, along with NK-1 receptors, in the emetic center, chemoreceptor trigger zone, and in vagal afferent nerves in the gastrointestinal tract.