Triphosphoric acid (also tripolyphosphoric acid), a condensed form of phosphoric acid. Sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) is used as a preservative for poultry, meat, and seafood; it’s added to processed cheeses as an emulsifier and is used in food industry as an E number E451.

FD&C Yellow No. 5 (Tartrazine, Colour Index No. 19140) is a color additive permitted in the United States for coloring foods (including dietary supplements), ingested and externally applied drugs, and cosmetics. It is a nitrous derivative and is known to cause allergic reactions such as asthma and urticaria, as well as having been the focus of studies on mutagenesis and carcinogenesis due to its transformation into aromatic amine sulfanilic acid after being metabolized by the gastrointestinal microflora.

Inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi ) has long been known as a by-product of many intracellular biosynthetic reactions. PPi plays the regulatory role in living systems, such as activities of enzymes, fidelity of syntheses of macromolecules, and proliferation of cells. PPi is used as a biochemical energy source instead of ATP especially in bacteria, protists, and plants. PPi may also regulate the formation and dissolution of bone as well as pathologic calcification of soft tissues and the formation of urinary stones. The formation of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in the extracellular fluids of joints cause the disease called pseudogout. Sodium, potassium and calcium pyrophosphates (E450) are used as food additives as buffers and emulsifiers.

Maleic acid monosodium salt. Used in water soluble polymers preparation.

Diammonium sulfite monohydrate (Ammonium sulfite monohydrate) has a wide use of applications, such as hair straightening or waving agents, as an ingredient in carmel food coloring, as well as an reducing agent in photography. Other applications include lubricants for cold metal working and blast furnace linings. It is considered safe as used in cosmetic formulations.

Kainic acid (kainate) is a natural marine acid present in some seaweed. Kainic acid is a potent neuroexcitatory amino acid that acts by activating receptors for glutamate, the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Kainic acid is commonly injected into laboratory animal models to study the effects of experimental ablation. Kainic acid is a direct agonist of the glutamic kainate receptors and large doses of concentrated solutions produce immediate neuronal death by overstimulating neurons to death. Such damage and death of neurons is referred to as an excitotoxic lesion. Thus, in large, concentrated doses kainic acid can be considered a neurotoxin, and in small doses of dilute solution kainic acid will chemically stimulate neurons. Kainic acid is utilised in primary neuronal cell cultures and acute brain slice preparations [5] to study of the physiological effect of excitotoxicity and assess the neuroprotective capabilities of potential therapeutics. Kainic acid is a potent central nervous system excitant that is used in epilepsy research to induce seizures in experimental animals, at a typical dose of 10–30 mg/kg in mice. In addition to inducing seizures, kainic acid is excitotoxic and epileptogenic. Kainic acid induces seizures via activation of kainate receptors containing the GluK2 subunit and also through activation of AMPA receptors, for which it serves as a partial agonist.

Pipemidic Acid is a quinolone antibacterial agent. It’s used in the treatment of urinary tract infections, recidive cystitis, prolongation of the therapy of pyelonephritis (prolonged therapy at patients with tendency to recidives. It belongs to DNA Gyrase inhibitor pharmacological group on the basis of mechanism of action and also classified in Antibacterial pharmacological group. Pipemidic acid is contraindicated at conditions of proved hypersensitivity, severe renal and hepatic insufficiency, cirrhosis of the liver, porphyria, diseases of the central nervous system (epilepsy and neurological conditions with low level for convulsions). Pipemidic acid is contraindicated at children and adolescents at growing phase.

Arsanilic acid, also known as aminophenyl arsenic acid or aminophenyl arsonic acid, is an organoarsenic compound first reported in 1863 by Antoine Béchamp. Arsanilic acid is a crystalline powder introduced medically in the late 19th century as Atoxyl, its sodium salt was used by injection in the early 20th century as the first organic arsenical drug, but it was soon found prohibitively toxic for human use. Arsanilic acid saw long use as a veterinary feed additive promoting growth and to prevent or treat dysentery in poultry and swine. In 2013, its approval by US government as an animal drug was voluntarily withdrawn by its sponsors. Still sometimes used in laboratories, Arsanilic acid's legacy is principally through its influence on Paul Ehrlich in launching the chemotherapeutic approach to treating infectious diseases of humans.

Agomelatine behaves both as a potent agonist at melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors and as a neutral antagonist at 5-HT2C receptors. Accumulating evidence in a broad range of experimental procedures supports the notion that the psychotropic effects of agomelatine are due to the synergy between its melatonergic and 5-hydroxytryptaminergic effects. Agomelatine is indicated for the treatment of major depressive episodes.

Sodium anthranilate is an excipient (pharmacologically inactive substance). Sodium anthranilate (Aminobenzoate sodium ,C7H6NNaO2), also known as sodium 2-aminobenzoate, is an organic amine. Aminobenzoate sodium exists as a yellow powder for use in pharmaceutical processing.