BHA (E 320) is a synthetic antioxidant authorized as a food additive. BHA is a mixture of two isomers: 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. BHA is known to have various beneficial activities such as antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory effects, and anticancer potential although some reports suggested that this reagent induces cytotoxicity. In general, the majority of the genotoxicity studies indicate a lack of potential for BHA to induce point mutations or to interact with or damage DNA. It was banned in Japan in 1958, and it was recommended that it be banned in the UK, however, due to industry pressure it was not. The antioxidant properties of 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole are achieved via inhibition of ROS generation. The experiments on mice have shown that pretreatment with compound prevented apoptotic cell death induced by oxidative stress in mouse hepatocytes that may be beneficial for treating liver diseases caused by oxidative stress.

Bronopol is used as a preservative in various cosmetic, pharmaceutical, toiletry and household preparations at concentrations of up to 0.1% (wt/vol) particularly because of its high activity against Gram-negative bacteria, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other pseudomonad. Bronopol hydrolyzes within 3 h at 60 °C and pH 8, producing formaldehyde, nitrosamines, and other molecules. Although the parent compound (bronopol) is rather short-lived in the environment, its degradation products are toxic and more persistent. The protection against the bactericidal activity of bronopol afforded by catalase or superoxide dismutase suggests that the activity stems from the aerobic interaction and the generation of active oxygen species from oxygen diffusing into the suspensions during bronopol treatment. The acute oral LD50 was 307 mg/kg for rat males and 342 mg/kg for females. Bronopol is moderately toxic by the oral route. Results from an acute dermal toxicity study while inadequate, suggest bronopol is highly toxic by the dermal route.

Eugenol is sometimes called clove oil because it is the active element in cloves. It causes the aromatic smell typical of cloves and because of this property is often found in perfumes. Eugenol’s properties make it a good local antiseptic and analgesic. It is used in dentist offices to make zinc-oxide eugenol paste for temporary fillings. Eugenol also demonstrates antifungal and antimicrobial activity, showing efficacy against Candida albicans biofilms, Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli. Eugenol is further described to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and to scavenge ROS, thus demonstrating prooxidant and antioxidant effects. Also, Eugenol is used as a pesticide.

beta-Caryophyllene alcohol is a fragrance ingredient used in decorative cosmetics, fine fragrances, shampoos, toilet soaps and other toiletries as well as in non-cosmetic products such as household cleaners and detergents. Its use worldwide is in the region of <0.1 metric tonnes per annum. In vivo studies found that b-Caryophyllene alcohol significantly inhibited asthma induced by histamine and acetylcholine in guinea pigs with the efficacy lasting for at least 6 hours and with the potency equivalent to aminophylline. Inhibition of airway inflammation and scavenging of free radical and reactive oxygen species was one of the mechanisms of anti-asthmatic action

Ubiquinone Q2 (CoQ(2)) is a member of the chemical class known as Polyprenylbenzoquinones. These are compounds containing a polyisoprene chain attached to a quinone at the second ring position. Ubiquione-2 has just 2 isoprene units. Normally in humans it has 10. Ubiquinone-2 is an intermediate in the synthesis of Ubiquionone 10. Ubiquionone is involved in cellular respiration. It is fat-soluble and is therefore mobile in cellular membranes; it plays a unique role in the electron transport chain (ETC). In the inner bacterial membrane, electrons from NADH and succinate pass through the ETC to the oxygen, which is then reduced to water. The transfer of electrons through ETC results in the pumping of H+ across the membrane creating a proton gradient across the membrane, which is used by ATP synthase (located on the membrane) to generate ATP. The first ubiquinone was isolated in 1957. Since that time, ubiquinones have been extensively studied in Japan, Russia, and Europe with research in the US beginning more recently. Popular press accounts claim that roughly 12 million Japanese use ubiquinones as the medication of choice for management of cardiovascular diseases, with more than 250 commercially available preparations. Ubiquinone is touted as an effective treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF), heart rhythm irregularities, high blood pressure, and in reducing injury to the heart muscle caused by lack of oxygen. Other claims include increasing exercise tolerance, stimulating the immune system, and counteracting the aging process. Ubiquinone has not been approved for therapeutic use in the US, but it is available as a food supplement. Ubiquinone may have applications in heart disease, especially CHF, although there is a lack of consensus. Studies in neurological disorders are less promising. Limited clinical trials have been conducted to support its widespread use for other conditions.

Inosine is a naturally occurring nucleoside which serves as an intermediate in purine metabolism. The metabolism of purines in humans generates a potent antioxidant compound, uric acid, which is known to be a natural scavenger of both oxygen and nitrogen reactive species as well as having chelator properties. Inosine, as a precursor of uric acid, was shown to have neuroprotective effect in vitro and is being tested in phase III of clinical trials for the treatment of Parkinson disease. The treatment with inosine is belived to prevent or slow the disease.

Methylchloroisothiazolinone is an active ingredient in many preservatives marketed under various brand names. It is effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeast, and fungi. Pure Methylchloroisothiazolinone is not commercially available. Kathon CG contains a mixture of Methylisothiazolinone (MI) and Methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI) in ratio 3:1. Kathon was used in various rinse-off and leave-on formulations including hair products, shampoos, skin care products, bath products, eye and facial makeup, wet wipes and suntan products. The Commission envisages amending Annex V of the Cosmetics Regulation (EC) No. 1223/2009 to restrict the use of methylchloroisothiazolinone to rinse-off products, as suggested by the SCCS.

Erdosteine is an antioxidant compound developed by Edmond Pharma and approved in Europe for the treatment of chronic bronchitis and COPD. Erdosteine has two thiol groups and is believed to act as a free radicals scavenger (through the formation of the active metabolite I, N-thiodiglycolylhomocysteine). Also the drug effect may be due to the inhibition of the activity of elastase enzyme and its interaction with mucosa. The drug got Orphan Drug designation by FDA for the treatment of bronchiectasis.

Troxipide is a gastric cytoprotective agent used for the treatment of gastritis and gastric uclers in Japan, India, China and South Korea. Troxipide has a mode of action different from that for other anti-gastric agents: it does not inhibit acid secretion and does not have acid neutralizing activity. It exerts its activity by increasing mucus production, cytoprotective prostaglandin secretion, regeneration of collagen fibers, reducing inflammatory mediator induced neutrophil migration and reactive oxygen species generation in gastric mucosa, enhancing gastric mucosal metabolism and microcirculation.

Salvianolic acid B is a bioactive molecule isolated from Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae. The compound shows high antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. It is a major component of the commercial Fufang Danshen products (Compound Danshen Dripping Pill, the Danshen Pian, and the Danshen Injection, ICP), used for the treatment of angina pectoris, and other heart diseases.