Azamulin [14-O-(5-(2-amino-1,3,4-triazolyl)thioacetyl)-dihydromutilin] is an azole derivative of the pleuromutilin class of antiinfectives. Azamulin is a selective, irreversible inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A isoforms (IC50 values range from 26 to 240 nM for CYP3A4 and CYP3A4/5 from different sources). It is at least 50-fold less potent against CYP2J2 and 100-fold less effective against all other CYP isoforms. Azamulin potently blocks the hydroxylation of testosterone and midazolam by CYP3A4. Azamulin exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against all Gram-positive pathogens including MRSA, PRSP, and VRE, except for E. faecalis.

Pinacyanol iodide is a fluorescent cationic cyanine dye used to stain biological specimens. It is the obstetric diagnostic aid. The mechanism of tracing with pinacyanol iodide dyes is based on their lipid solubility. Pinacyanol iodide dyes are more efficacious than classical tracing methodologies especially during early stages of development and consequently have been used to reveal the spatiotemporal patterns of axonal development in different species. The unique properties of the pinacyanol iodide dye tracing method have opened up new avenues for tracing connections in human postmortem specimens. Pinacyanol iodide dye tracing is incompatible with alcohol fixation and paraffin embedding of tissue.

Barbinervic acid is a triterpene of the plant origin. Barbinervic acid inhibits Staphylococcus aureus growth with IC50 = 0.098 g/l.

Aporeine (Roemerine) is an aporphine alkaloid that can be isolated from many plants such as Annona senegalensis, Turkish Papaver and Rollinialeptopetala. Aporeine has been reported to exhibit antibacterial activity. It has also been demonstrated to have certain antifungal activity. Aporeine showed selective inhibitory effect on Cox-2.

Beauvericin is a famous mycotoxin produced by many fungi, such as Beaveria bassiana and Fusarium spp. Beauvericin is a cyclic hexadepsipeptide (Figure 1) that belongs to the enniatin antibiotic family. It contains three D-hydroxyisovaleryl and three N-methylphenylalanyl residues in an alternating sequence. Beauvericin was first isolated from Beaveria bassiana, which is a common and commercial entomopathogenic mycoinsecticide. Beauvericin was one of the active constituents of B. bassiana and was confirmed to have antimicrobial and anti-tumor activities. Beauvericin has a strong antibacterial activity against human, animal and plant pathogenic bacteria with no selectively between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The cytotoxicity of beauvericin to human tumor cells has been frequently reported.

Zaluzanin D is a sesquiterpene lactone that has been isolated from the aerial parts of Vernonia arborea as a major constituent (0.04%). Zaluzanin D isolated from laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) has being shown to induce cell death and morphological change indicative of apoptotic chromatin condensation in leukemia HL-60 cells. Zaluzanin D demonstrated antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus.