2,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde, also known as asaraldehyde or gazarin, belongs to benzoyl derivatives class of compounds. 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde can be found in carrot, herbs and spices, root vegetables, and wild carrot, and is a constituent of a bitter principle of these products. 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase 2.

Epilupeol is a plant-derived lupane-type 3α-hydroxy triterpenoid. Epilupeol has been little studied, although its anti-inflammatory, antitubercular, and cytotoxic activities have been described.

Agnuside (AGN), an iridoid glycoside, is the principle active phytoconstituent and a chemotaxonomic marker of the genus Vitex. It is isolated from V. agnus castus, V. negundo, and V. cymosa and composed of aucubin and p-hydroxy benzoic acid (PHBA). Agnuside has exhibited estrogen-like activity which might be the reason for its use in premenstrual syndrome problems in women of fertile age as well as in menopause. It has also been reported to possess anti-arthritic activity in the polyarthritis rats which was associated with significant suppression of the inflammatory mediators and T-cell mediated cytokinines. Recently, Agnuside has shown higher hepatoprotective potential in rats in comparison to silymarin, a commercially available herbal hepatoprotective agent. In addition, Agnuside has shown an inhibitory effect on P-glycoprotein (P-gp) ATPase activity. The diversified therapeutic indications of AGN with a profoundly high medicinal value have created great curiosity among researchers for its further investigation as a medicinal agent.

Arctiin, isolated from Forsythia suspensa has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral effects in vitro. It has been found to act as agonist of the adiponectin receptor 1. Has a potential role in the treatment of obesity. Arctiin has being shown to have anticancer effects in animal research.

Sinensetin is a methylated flavone found in certain citrus fruits. pocess potent antiangiogenesis and anti-inflammatory, sinensetin enhances adipogenesis and lipolysis. Sinensetin is a selective inhibitor of α-glucosidase with IC50 value of 0.66 mg/ml. Alpha-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition could the mechanisms through which sinensetin exert its antidiabetic activity, indicating that it could have potential use in the management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Sinensetin inhibits inflammatory gene expression and STAT1 activation. It has meaningful anti-inflammatory properties which may be utilized in the development of novel anti-inflammatory treatments.

Xanthoxyletin is a coumarin isolated from Erythrina variegata. It has been reported that Xanthoxyletin possesses antibacterial, fungicidal, and algicidal properties. Xanthoxyletin induces S phase arrest and apoptosis in human gastric adenocarcinoma SGC-7901 cells. Xanthoxyletin may be promising anticancer agent and has worth for further mechanistic and therapeutic studies against gastric cancer.

Columbin is a diterpenoid furanolactone, was isolated from the plant species Tinspora bakis. It displays anti-inflammatory activity, protects from azoxymethane-induced rat colon carcinogenesis and possess trypanocidal mechanism.

Aucubin is found in common verbena. Aucubin is a monoterpenoid based compound. Aucubin, like all iridoids, has a cyclopentan-[C]-pyran skeleton. Aucubin is found in the leaves of Aucuba japonica (Cornaceae), Eucommia ulmoides (Eucommiaceae), and Plantago asiatic (Plantaginaceae), etc, plants used in traditional Chinese and folk medicine. Aucubin was found to protect against liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride or alpha-amanitin in mice and rats when 80 mg/kg was dosed intraperitoneally. Aucubin has been shown to exhibit anti-proliferative and apoptotic functions. Aucubin has shown effectiveness as antifungal and suggests its promising potential use as solution for C. albicans biofilm-related infections. Aucubin has a range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-algesic as well as anti-tumor activities.

3-Phenylpropionic acid (hydrocinnamic acid, HA) is an end-product of the bacterial degradation of unabsorbed phenylalanine in the intestinal lumen. HA is used in ice cream, drinks, and candy manufacture field as a flavoring agent. In recent years, HA is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. Hydrocinnamic Acid inhibits the currents of WT and SQT3 syndrome-related mutants of Kir2.1 channel.