Glyceryl 1-phosphate,(R)- or glycerol-3-phosphate is a precursor for fatty acid esterification into triglycerides. Esterification of fatty acids to triglycerides in peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscle and adipose tissue is dependent on the synthesis of glycerol-3-phosphate from glucose. Triacylglycerols (TAG) serve as the predominant form of energy storage in mammalian cells, and TAG synthesis influences conditions such as obesity, fatty liver, and insulin resistance. Human skeletal muscle glycerol-3-phosphate, lactate was decreased after the high-fat diets.

D-Glutamic acid is an essential constituent of the bacterial peptidoglycan structure. D-glutamate has been detected in blood, saliva, and urine, and trace quantities have been detected in mammalian tissues. Recently was found, that mitochondrial D-glutamate cyclase converts D-glutamate to 5-oxo-D-proline.

4-Hydroxyindole is a simple indole derivative. It effectively inhibits Abeta peptide-induced amyloid fibril formation and prevent cell death induced by the peptide in culture. 4-Hydroxyindole was glucuronidated mainly by UGT1A6, with minor activity by UGT1A9. 4-hydroxyindole is used for the synthesis of anti-inflammatory angular pyrrolocoumarins.

Arabinitol is the five-carbon sugar alcohol D-arabinitol (DA). It is a metabolite of the pathogenic Candida species, in vitro as well as in vivo, and can be determined by gas chromatography or enzymatic analysis. Endogenous DA and L-arabinitol (LA) are present in human body fluids. Serum DA and LA increase in renal dysfunction. In prospective clinical studies, elevated DA/LA or DA/creatine ratios in serum or urine have been found in immunocompromised, usually neutropenic, patients with invasive candidiasis. In addition, positive DA results have been obtained several days to weeks before positive blood cultures, and the normalization of DA levels has been correlated with therapeutic response in both humans and animals. Thus, arabinitol has been suggested a marker for invasive candidiasis. A non-invasive, non-culture-based method of determining urinary D-/L-arabinitol (D-/L-ARA) ratios was investigated as a tool for the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis in nosocomial paediatric infection cases in the clinical trial.

5'-Methylthioadenosine, also known as methylthioadenosine or MTA, is a naturally occurring sulfur-containing nucleoside present in all mammalian tissues. MTA is produced from S-adenosylmethionine mainly through the polyamine biosynthetic pathway, where it behaves as a powerful inhibitory product. This compound is metabolized solely by 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP), to yield 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate and adenine, a crucial step in the methionine and purine salvage pathways, respectively. MTA has been shown to influence numerous critical responses of the cell including regulation of gene expression, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Also was shown that MTA inhibits melanoma cell proliferation and in vivo tumor growth particularly in BRAF mutant melanoma cells. These data reveal a naturally occurring drug potentially useful for melanoma treatment.

Benzoylmesaconine (BMA) is the main Aconitum alkaloid in Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata. Notably, the high levels of toxicity of Radix Aconiti are derived from diester aconitum alkaloids, including aconitine, mesaconitine and hypaconitine, which can be hydrolyzed to benzoylaconine, benzoylmesaconine and benzoylhypaconine, respectively. Benzoylmesaconine exhibits biological effects, including analgesic, antiviral and antifungal activities.

Enniatin B is a cyclic hexadepsipeptide it contains three N-methyl-Lvaline and three a-hydroxy-D-isovaleric molecules. It is generated by multiple Fusarium strains. It has ionophoric, antibiotic and insecticidal activity. A mixture of Enniatins A, A1, B and B1 (called fusafungine) was originally patented as local antibiotic for the topically treatment of nose and throat infections. Enniatin B is a mycotoxin contaminant found in vegetables, cereals and coffee. Enniatin B did not show genotoxic activity but demonstrated cytotoxicity at low micromolar concentrations. The observed activities included the specific inhibition of acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase, depolarization of mitochondria, inhibition of osteoclastic bone resorption, and induction of apoptosis in cancer cells as well as the interaction with ATP-binding cassette transporters such as P-glycoprotein. Enniatin B demonstrated synergistic activity against cervical cancer in vitro and in vivo.