Framycetin is a component of neomycin that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. Framycetin is used for the treatment of bacterial eye infections such as conjunctivitis. Framycetin is an antibiotic. It is not active against fungi, viruses and most kinds of anaerobic bacteria. Framycetin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of t-RNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Framycetin is useful primarily in infections involving aerobic bacteria bacteria. Framycetin binds to specific 30S-subunit proteins and 16S rRNA, four nucleotides of 16S rRNA and a single amino acid of protein S12. This interferes with decoding site in the vicinity of nucleotide 1400 in 16S rRNA of 30S subunit. This region interacts with the wobble base in the anticodon of tRNA. This leads to interference with the initiation complex, misreading of mRNA so incorrect amino acids are inserted into the polypeptide leading to nonfunctional or toxic peptides and the breakup of polysomes into nonfunctional monosomes. Framycetin is a component of SOFRACORT (Framycetin sulphate - Gramicidin-dexamethasone), indicated for the treatment of blepharitis and infected eczema of the eyelid; allergic, infective and rosacea conjunctivitis; rosacea keratitis; scleritis and episcleritis; iridocyclitis, and other inflammatory conditions of the anterior segment of the eye, as well as otitis externa (acute and chronic) and other inflammatory and sebhorrheic conditions of the external ear.

MK-0752 is a potent, reversible inhibitor of γ-secretase, which inhibits γ-secretase to cleave substrates such as amyloid precursor protein. MK-0752 shows promising effects on inhibiting the growth of several types of cancer cells and was investigated in clinical trials for cancer treatment. For example in ovarian cancer models MK-0752 alone actively induced cell growth inhibition, G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis with down-regulation of Notch1 and its downstream effectors in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, the sequential combination of cisplatin prior to MK-0752 significantly promoted cell apoptosis and inhibited the subcutaneous xenograft growth of ovarian cancer in nude mice. Through its effects on the Notch pathway, MK-0752 reduces the number of breast cancer stem cells in tumorgrafts, enhancing the efficacy of the chemotherapy drug docetaxel in mice with breast cancer tumors. Unfortunately, in phase II clinical trials MK-0752 failed to demonstrate efficacy.

Atevirdine (U-87201E) is a nonnucleoside inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, that has been studied for the treatment of HIV infection. Atevirdine mesylate is the first-generation member of the bisheteroarylpiperazine class of nonnucleoside inhibitors, which inhibits reverse transcriptase noncompetitively by binding near the catalytic site. The safety, tolerability, and antiviral activity of atevirdine were studied in phase I/II clinical trial. Rash was the most common adverse event, with a grade 3 or 4 rash. No significant change from baseline in HIV-1 plasma RNA mean copy number was detected.

Thiobutabarbital is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1950s. It has sedative, anticonvulsant and hypnotic effects, it is used in veterinary medicine for induction in surgical anaesthesia. Thiobutabarbital was formerly used as anesthetic Inactin. ‘Inactin’ (sodium thiobutabarbital) produces smooth induction of anaesthesia after intravenous administration and has a prolonged duration of action. It has variable analgesic activity.

Amezinium is a sympathomimetic used for its vasopressor effects in the treatment of hypotensive states. Amezinium inhibited monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity. Amezinium antagonized the response to tyramine and blocked neuronal uptake of noradrenaline. Side effects revealed are: palpitation, headache, nausea/vomiting, hot flashes, high blood pressure.

Iclaprim is an investigational broad-spectrum diaminopyrimidine antibiotic in development for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSIs). Iclaprim acts on bacterial cells by competitively inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), a key enzyme in the folate cycle; the same mode of inhibition is exerted by trimethoprim. Iclaprim resistance is mainly determined by point mutations in the dfr gene as studied in S. aureus and S. pneumoniae. Surveillance studies demonstrate that the spectrum of activity of iclaprim includes many organisms indicated in cSSSI including S. aureus and S. pyogenes. Iclaprim is bactericidal in vitro, generally at concentrations equal to the MIC that are maintained in human plasma for several hours after a therapeutic dose. Bactericidal activity is primarily time-dependent and concentration independent. Due to its structural similarity with trimethoprim, iclaprim is synergistic with sulfonamides against a broad spectrum of bacterial species. The antimicrobial mechanism of action of iclaprim is mediated by competitive inhibition of bacterial DHFR, the same mode of inhibition exerted by TMP. The activity of iclaprim against TMP-R mutants of S. aureus and S. pneumoniae is attributable to additional hydrophobic interaction between iclaprim and the enzyme. The same mechanism of action of iclaprim, competitive inhibition with the natural substrate DHF, is seen against both TMP-S and -R enzymes. Iclaprim is well suited for use as a first-line empiric monotherapy in patients with ABSSSI who are comorbid with renal impairment for the following reasons. n July 2015, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, designated the IV formulation of iclaprim as a Qualified Infectious Disease Product (QIDP) for ABSSSI and HABP. QIDP status grants iclaprim regulatory Fast Track designation, Priority Review and, if approved, a five-year extension to the statutory market exclusivity period in the United States, resulting in 10 years of market exclusivity from the date of approval.

Casopitant (GW679769) is a novel substituted piperidine derivative that competitively binds with NK1 receptors. The full occupancy of the receptor by their piperidine compound inhibits its binding with tachykinin neurotransmitters, including SP. Casopitant, in a series of in vitro and in vivo experimentations, has exhibited a potent NK1 receptor antagonism. On 29 May 2008, GlaxoSmithKline announced the submission of a new drug application to the FDA for intravenous and oral formulations of casopitant mesylate. This drug was proposed for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting as an add-on therapy to the standard dual therapy of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists + dexamethasone. The submission also included a proposed indication for postoperative nausea and vomiting prevention. Rezonic™ is the proposed trade name for casopitant mesylate in the United States; Zunrisa™ is the proposed trade name for casopitant mesylate for GlaxoSmithKline’s global group of companies. In September 2009, GlaxoSmithKline decided to discontinue all regulatory filings for casopitant based on an estimate of the amount of additional safety data.

Dipyrone, also known as Metamizole (INN), is an ampyrone sulfonate analgesic, antispasmodic and antipyretic. It was withdrawn from US market in 1977 on the basis of reports of agranulocytosis. Depyrone is still used to treat severe and diffucult for relieving pains of different origin; headache, tooth-ache, pains in the joints, muscles, following traumas and operations, gall and kidney colics, neurites, neuralgias, traumatic cerebrasthenia; inflammation of upper respiratory ways of microbial or virus origin; chorea; febrile states. Mechanism of action of dipyrone is complex. It is believed that dipyrone exerts its action by inhibiting COX-3, and activates opioid and cannabioid systems either itself, or by products of its metabolic degradation.

Mitiglinide is a drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes currently marked under tradename Glufast. Glufast® is available as the tablet for oral use, containing 5 mg or 10 mg of Mitiglinide calcium hydrate. The recommended dose is 10 mg three times daily just before each meal (within 5 minutes). Mitiglinide was approved by Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency of Japan (PMDA) on January 29, 2004, and is currently co-marketed in Japan by Kissei and Takeda. Mitiglinide is a rapid-acting insulin secretion-stimulating agent, its belongs to the meglitinide (glinide) class of blood glucose-lowering drugs. Mitiglinide is thought to stimulate insulin secretion by closing the ATP-sensitive K(+) (K(ATP)) channels in pancreatic beta-cells.

Amrubicin is a totally synthetic 9-aminoanthracycline anticancer drug, which is approved in Japan for the treatment of small cell and non-small cell lung cancer. Upon administration amrubicin is reduced to its C-13 hydroxy metabolite, amrubicinol. The cytotoxicity of amrubicinol in vitro is 10 to 100 times greater than that of amrubicin. Thus, the anticancer activity of amrubicin is considered to derive from this active metabolite. The mechanism of action of the drug is related to the inhibition of topoisomerase II by stabilizing the cleavable complex.