Guanosine is an endogenous guanine nucleoside. Guanosine was shown to be protective in several in vitro and/or in vivo experimental models of central nervous system (CNS) diseases including ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injury, nociception, and depression. The mechanisms underlying the neurobiological properties of guanosine seem to involve the activation of several intracellular signaling pathways and a close interaction with the adenosinergic system, with a consequent stimulation of neuroprotective and regenerative processes in the CNS. Several guanosine analogues, i.e. acyclovir (and its oral prodrug valaciclovir), penciclovir (in its oral prodrug form, famciclovir) and ganciclovir, are widely used for the treatment of herpesvirus (i.e. HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV and HCMV) infections.

Palmatine is a protoberberine alkaloid. Palmatine is major component of herbal preparations mainly used in traditional medicine Chinese, Korean and Indian. Palmatine can be found in various medicinal plants such as Coptis chinensis, Rhizoma coptidis, Corydalis yanhusuo, Radix tinosporae, among others. It exerts diverse pharmacological and biological properties. Palmatine has been proposed as a promising DNA phototherapy drug, notably due to its ability to produce in situ singlet oxygen only when interacting with DNA.

Morantel (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1-methyl-2-[2-(3-methyl-2-thienyl)ethenyl pyrimidine) is a tetrahydro-pyrimidine anthelmintic, differing from the related analogue pyrantel by the presence of a methyl group on the thiophene ring. Morantel tartrate, manufactured by Pfizer, Inc., was approved in the United States for use in cattle in 1981, and entered the market in early 1982. Three formulations have been approved in the United States: RUMATEL® Medicated Premix-88; RUMATEL Cattle Wormer Bolus, and PARATECT FLEX™ Diffuser, a sustained release bolus. It is intended to treat roundworms and tapeworms. Morantel is administered in lactating and non lactating cattle as morantel tartrate as a slow-release bolus (11.8 g morantel base per animal) or as a single oral dose of 6 to 7.5 mg morantel base/kg bw and in pigs at a single dose equivalent to 7.5 mg base/kg bw. In sheep, the citrate salt is administered at a single dose equivalent to 5 to 6 mg morantel base/kg bw. Morantel acts as a potent agonist at the acetylcholine receptors on the muscle cells of nematodes. Activation of the acetylcholine receptors induces a prolonged, spastic paralysis of the worms and expulsion from the host. It also been reported to block neurotransmission in vertebrates, to possess nicotine-like properties and to mimic acetylcholine at receptors in autonomic ganglia, adrenal medullae and respiratory tissues. Morantel and its salts are not used in human medicines.

Tiamulin is a diterpene antimicrobial with a pleuromutilin chemical structure similar to that of valnemulin. The activity of tiamulin is largely confined to gram-positive micro-organisms and mycoplasma. Tiamulin acts by inhibiting protein synthesis at the ribosomal level. In veterinary medicine, tiamulin is used for treatment and prophylaxis of dysentery, pneumonia and mycoplasmal infections in pigs and poultry. Tiamulin is available as a 2, 10 or 20% premix for pigs and poultry, a 12.5% solution or 45% water soluble powder for addition to drinking water for pigs and poultry, or a 10% injectable formulation for pigs. Tiamulin inhibits protein synthesis by targeting the 50S bacterial ribosomal subunit and binding to peptidyl transferase, the enzyme responsible for forming peptide bonds between amino acids.

Morantel (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1-methyl-2-[2-(3-methyl-2-thienyl)ethenyl pyrimidine) is a tetrahydro-pyrimidine anthelmintic, differing from the related analogue pyrantel by the presence of a methyl group on the thiophene ring. Morantel tartrate, manufactured by Pfizer, Inc., was approved in the United States for use in cattle in 1981, and entered the market in early 1982. Three formulations have been approved in the United States: RUMATEL® Medicated Premix-88; RUMATEL Cattle Wormer Bolus, and PARATECT FLEX™ Diffuser, a sustained release bolus. It is intended to treat roundworms and tapeworms. Morantel is administered in lactating and non lactating cattle as morantel tartrate as a slow-release bolus (11.8 g morantel base per animal) or as a single oral dose of 6 to 7.5 mg morantel base/kg bw and in pigs at a single dose equivalent to 7.5 mg base/kg bw. In sheep, the citrate salt is administered at a single dose equivalent to 5 to 6 mg morantel base/kg bw. Morantel acts as a potent agonist at the acetylcholine receptors on the muscle cells of nematodes. Activation of the acetylcholine receptors induces a prolonged, spastic paralysis of the worms and expulsion from the host. It also been reported to block neurotransmission in vertebrates, to possess nicotine-like properties and to mimic acetylcholine at receptors in autonomic ganglia, adrenal medullae and respiratory tissues. Morantel and its salts are not used in human medicines.

Morantel (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1-methyl-2-[2-(3-methyl-2-thienyl)ethenyl pyrimidine) is a tetrahydro-pyrimidine anthelmintic, differing from the related analogue pyrantel by the presence of a methyl group on the thiophene ring. Morantel tartrate, manufactured by Pfizer, Inc., was approved in the United States for use in cattle in 1981, and entered the market in early 1982. Three formulations have been approved in the United States: RUMATEL® Medicated Premix-88; RUMATEL Cattle Wormer Bolus, and PARATECT FLEX™ Diffuser, a sustained release bolus. It is intended to treat roundworms and tapeworms. Morantel is administered in lactating and non lactating cattle as morantel tartrate as a slow-release bolus (11.8 g morantel base per animal) or as a single oral dose of 6 to 7.5 mg morantel base/kg bw and in pigs at a single dose equivalent to 7.5 mg base/kg bw. In sheep, the citrate salt is administered at a single dose equivalent to 5 to 6 mg morantel base/kg bw. Morantel acts as a potent agonist at the acetylcholine receptors on the muscle cells of nematodes. Activation of the acetylcholine receptors induces a prolonged, spastic paralysis of the worms and expulsion from the host. It also been reported to block neurotransmission in vertebrates, to possess nicotine-like properties and to mimic acetylcholine at receptors in autonomic ganglia, adrenal medullae and respiratory tissues. Morantel and its salts are not used in human medicines.

Esculin (Esculoside), a coumarin compound derived from the horse chestnut and the traditional Chinese herbs such as Cortex Fraxini, has long been used for treating inflammatory and vascular diseases. The main activities of Esculoside focus on capillary protection, as it improves capillary permeability and fragility. It is reported to inhibit catabolic enzymes such as hyaluronidase and collagenase, thus preserving the integrity of the perivascular connective tissue. Esculin has various biological activities including anti-oxidant activity, intestinal anti-inflammatory activity, anti-cancer activity and growth inhibition of human leukemia cells. Esculin inhibits lipid peroxidation and scavenges hydroxyl radicals in the rat liver and exerts anti-inflammatory activity in both carrageenan- and zymosan-induced paw edema in mice. Esculin has the gastroprotective effect in cold-restraint stress and pylorus ligation-induced ulcer models. Esculin is used in a microbiology laboratory to aid in the identification of bacterial species (especially Enterococci and Listeria).

Esculin (Esculoside), a coumarin compound derived from the horse chestnut and the traditional Chinese herbs such as Cortex Fraxini, has long been used for treating inflammatory and vascular diseases. The main activities of Esculoside focus on capillary protection, as it improves capillary permeability and fragility. It is reported to inhibit catabolic enzymes such as hyaluronidase and collagenase, thus preserving the integrity of the perivascular connective tissue. Esculin has various biological activities including anti-oxidant activity, intestinal anti-inflammatory activity, anti-cancer activity and growth inhibition of human leukemia cells. Esculin inhibits lipid peroxidation and scavenges hydroxyl radicals in the rat liver and exerts anti-inflammatory activity in both carrageenan- and zymosan-induced paw edema in mice. Esculin has the gastroprotective effect in cold-restraint stress and pylorus ligation-induced ulcer models. Esculin is used in a microbiology laboratory to aid in the identification of bacterial species (especially Enterococci and Listeria).