Sarolaner is a member of the isoxazoline class of parasiticides. It is sold under the brand name Simparica, indicated for the treatment of tick infestations (Dermacentor reticulatus, Ixodes hexagonus, Ixodes ricinus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus), as well as of flea infestations (Ctenocephalides felis and Ctenocephalides canis) in dogs. The primary target of action of sarolaner in insects and acarines is functional blockade of ligand-gated chloride channels (GABA-receptors and glutamate-receptors). Sarolaner blocks GABA- and glutamate-gated chloride channels in the central nervous system of insects and acarines. Disruption of these receptors by sarolaner prevents the uptake of chloride ions by GABA and glutamate gated ion channels, thus resulting in increased nerve stimulation and death of the target parasite. Sarolaner exhibits higher functional potency to block insect/acarine receptors compared to mammalian receptors.

Bornyl acetate is the main volatile constituent in numerous conifer oils and some Chinese traditional herbs, which has displayed an anti-inflammatory effect. In addition was shown, that this compound had therapeutic potentials for the osteoarthritis and may be developed as a preventive agent for lung inflammatory diseases. In combination with 5-fluorouracil, bornyl acetate possesses the anticancer activity by inducing apoptosis, DNA fragmentation as well as G2/M cell cycle arrest.

Imidacloprid is a systemic, chloro-nicotinyl insecticide used for the control of sucking insects such as fleas, aphids, whiteflies, termites, turf insects, soil insects, and some beetles. It is used on co on and vegetable crops as foliar and seed treatments, soil, structures, indoor and outdoor insect control, home gardening and pet products. It is indicated for the prevention of heartworm disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis. It kills adult fleas and is indicated for the treatment of flea infestations (Ctenocephalides felis). It is also indicated for the treatment and control of the following intestinal parasites Hookworm species, Roundworm species, Whipworms. Adverse events in animals included: malaise, vomiting, diarrhea, shaking, mydriasis, hypersalivation with abnormal neurologic signs, seizures, death, generalized hematoma of the body, and alopecia at the treatment site. Adverse reactions in humans included: burning, tingling, numbness, bad taste in the mouth, dizziness, and headache.

Borneol, a monoterpenoid alcohol, is a component of many essential oils. Barneol occurs in nature as a single enantiomer (d- or l-, depending on the oil type) or, less frequently, as the racemate. Several studies have proved the effectiveness of borneol. In Chinese medicines borneol has been used in relieving symptoms of anxiety, fatigue and insomnia; inducing anesthesia and analgesia to alleviate abdominal pain, wounds and burns; relieving rheumatic pain, hemorrhoids, skin diseases and ulcerations of the mouth, ears, eyes or nose; to treat sore throats and skin infections, and is mainly used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Borneol has a significant therapeutic effect on neuralgia. This compound is considered a GRAS approved by the FDA as food flavor. Additionally, borneol is a fragrance ingredient. GABAA, TRPV3, TRPM8 and TRPA1 have been identified as the molecular targets of borneol.

Ethyl vanillin is an important food additive and flavouring agent approved by FAO/WHO, has a vanilla odor four times that of vanillin and shows anti-mutagenic activity. It is used as flavoring agent and/or as an additive by the food, cosmetic, or pharmaceutic industries. Ethyl vanillin possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The antioxidant activity of ethyl vanillin was much stronger than that of vanillin in the oxidative hemolysis inhibition assay, but was the same as that of vanillin in the ORAC assay. Oral administration of ethyl vanillin to mice increased the concentration of ethyl vanillic acid, and effectively raised antioxidant activity in the plasma as compared to the effect of vanillin. The antioxidant activity of ethyl vanillin might be more beneficial than has been thought in daily health practice. The anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive properties of EVA are based on its suppressive effect on the production of nitric oxide possibly via decreasing the reactive oxygen species level.

Butamben is a local anesthetic. It is the ester of 4-aminobenzoic acid and butanol. It is one of three components in the topical anesthetic Cetacaine. The onset of Cetacaine-produced anesthesia is rapid (approximately 30 seconds) and the duration of anesthesia is typically 30-60 minutes, when used as directed. This effect is due to the rapid onset, but short duration of action of Benzocaine coupled with the slow onset, but extended duration of Tetracaine HCI and bridged by the intermediate action of Butamben.

Bepridil (trade name Vascor) is an amine calcium channel blocker used to treat angina. Bepridil is a calcium channel blocker that has well characterized anti-anginal properties and known but poorly characterized type 1 anti-arrhythmic and anti-hypertensive properties. It is not related chemically to other calcium channel blockers such as diltiazem hydrochloride, nifedipine and verapamil hydrochloride. Bepridil has inhibitory effects on both the slow calcium (L-type) and fast sodium inward currents in myocardial and vascular smooth muscle, interferes with calcium binding to calmodulin, and blocks both voltage and receptor operated calcium channels. Bepridil inhibits the transmembrane influx of calcium ions into cardiac and vascular smooth muscle. This has been demonstrated in isolated myocardial and vascular smooth muscle preparations in which both the slope of the calcium dose response curve and the maximum calcium-induced inotropic response were significantly reduced by bepridil. In cardiac myocytes in vitro, bepridil was shown to be tightly bound to actin. Bepridil regularly reduces heart rate and arterial pressure at rest and at a given level of exercise by dilating peripheral arterioles and reducing total peripheral resistance (afterload) against which the heart works. Bepridil is no longer sold in the United States, but it is still marketed in other countries. Bepridil has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist. Although, it contains one chiral center, it is generally administered as a racemates. The drug bepridil is a racemic mixture of two enantiomers for the 2R as CID 16048570 and 2S as CID 445143. (R)-isomer of bepridil is more active than (-S)- isomer, in certain cases. In the retrogradely perfused, paced rat heart the higher activity was found for the ( )-enantiomer, which was 4.27 times more potent in increasing coronary flow than the (-)-isomer. The two enantiomers of bepridil showed a lower activity on maximum systolic left ventricular pressure (MSLVP) than on coronary flow, and a similar 3-4 fold stereoselectivity with both parameters.

Lomerizine (INN) (also known as KB-2796) is a diphenylpiperazine class L-type and T-type calcium channel blocker with relatively selective CNS effects. Voltage dependent L-type Ca2+ channels play an important role Ca2+ influx. L-type calcium currents typically require a strong depolarization for activation and are long-lasting. The common pharmacological profile of L-type channels is determined by the α1 subunit, which forms the Ca2+ selective. Lomerizine was developed as a potential agent for the selective improvement of the ocular or cerebrovascular circulation with minimal adverse cardiovascular effects, and it is used as an anti- migraine drug. Lomerizine selectively relaxes smooth muscle cells by inhibiting L-type Ca2+ influx, thereby reducing tone and increasing blood flow in cerebral vessels. Lomerizine also shows neuroprotective effects against secondary degeneration resulting from injury in retinal ganglion cells. While some calcium-channel blockers, such as flunarizine, act on the dopaminergic system, lomerizine is ineffective in vivo at inhibiting the release of dopamine. However, it has been observed to weakly inhibit the binding of [3H]spiperone to D2 dopamine receptors in vitro. While researchers are unsure of the reason for this difference, one hypothesis is that the doses administered cannot reach a high enough concentration in the brain to affect D2 receptors.

Lercanidipine is antihypertensive drugs which acts by blocking L-type calcium channels, allowing relaxation and opening of blood vessels. Lercanidipine exists as a racemate, with anti-hypertensive activity residing primarily in S-enantiomer. NDA for lercanidipine was submitted to FDA in 2002 by Forest Laboratories, but FDA refused to approve the drug, and lercanidipine is not marketed in USA. Lercanidipine is also investigated in preclinical models of epilepsy and ischemic stroke.

Lorcainide is a class Ic antiarrhythmic medication. It was reported to be highly efficient for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias, ventricular fibrillation, and tachycardia. The drug was used under the name Remivox. The mechanism of lorcainide action involves the blockage of sodium channels. Lorcainide was withdrawn from the market for a commercial reason, but later it was admitted that the use of the drug is associated with high risk of death.