PD 173212 is a potent, selective N-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel blocker (IC50 = 36 nM), it possesses selectivity for non L-type Ca ÷2 channels versus neuronal Na ÷, K ÷, and L-type Ca ÷2 channels. PD 173212 demonstrated potent in vitro activity in the IMR-32 assay as well as in electrophysiology, and it was efficacious in the audiogenic seizure mouse model.

Kartogenin is an activator of the smad4/smad5 pathway, and promotes the selective differentiation of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocytes. It is promising agent for treatment of osteoarthritis.

CO-102862, also known as V102862, is a potent, broad-spectrum state-dependent blocker of mammalian voltage-gated sodium channels. A key feature of the mechanism of inhibition is that V102862 has up to 80-fold higher affinity for inactivated Na channels as compared to channels in resting states. V102862 is an orally active anticonvulsant with robust activity in a variety of rodent models of epilepsy.

Sophocarpine is a dehydrogenation derivative of the bis-quinolizidine alkaloid matrine. Sophocarpine is also an active component in sophora alkaloids, which possess a variety of pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammation, immunity regulation, antivirus, and anti-tumor actions. Sophocarpine is able to block HERG K+ channel. It is Na+ channel inward current inhibitor. It activates the AMPK signaling pathway and inhibits the TLR4-downstream pathway.

(R)-carvedilol, an enantiomer of the drug carvedilol, which is used in the treatment of mild to moderate congestive heart failure. (R)-carvedilol is an alpha adrenergic receptor blocker. It was shown, that (R)-carvedilol increased sympathetic tone, presumably as a physiological reaction to the decrease in blood pressure caused by alpha-blockade. The weak clinical net effect of beta-blockade of (R, S)-carvedilol at rest might be one reason why this drug causes fewer side effects than other beta-blockers, such as a reduction of nocturnal melatonin release.

(S)-carvedilol, an enantiomer of the drug carvedilol, which is used in the treatment of mild to moderate congestive heart failure. (S)-carvedilol is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blocker. It was shown, that only (S)-carvedilol caused beta-blockade. It was suggested, that the weak clinical net effect of beta-blockade of (R, S)-carvedilol at rest could be one reason why this drug causes fewer side effects than other beta-blockers, such as a reduction of nocturnal melatonin release.

Calycanthine is the principal alkaloid of the family Calycanthaceae. Calycanthine is a central nervous system toxin, causing convulsions in animals. Calycanthine may mediate its convulsant action predominantly by inhibiting the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA as a result of interactions with L-type Ca(2+) channels and by inhibiting GABA-mediated chloride currents at GABA(A) receptors.