Cefetamet pivoxil is an oral third-generation cephalosporin which is hydrolysed to form the active agent, cefetamet. Cefetamet has excellent in vitro activity against the major respiratory pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis and group A beta-haemolytic streptococci; it is active against beta-lactamase-producing strains of H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis, but has poor activity against penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae. Cefetamet has marked activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae and possesses a broad spectrum of activity against Enterobacteriaceae. Both staphylococci and Pseudomonas spp. are resistant to cefetamet. Cefetamet pivoxil has been investigated in the treatment of both upper and lower community-acquired respiratory tract infections and has demonstrated equivalent efficacy to a number of more established agents, namely cefaclor, amoxicillin and cefixime. In complicated urinary tract infections, cefetamet pivoxil showed similar efficacy to cefadroxil, cefaclor and cefuroxime axetil. Cefetamet pivoxil was effective in the treatment of otitis media, pneumonia, pharyngotonsillitis and urinary tract infections in children. Cefetamet is not extensively bound to plasma proteins. Cefetamet has a relatively small apparent volume of distribution consistent with that of other beta-lactam antibiotics. The absorption and disposition of cefetamet in human subpopulations [i.e. children, elderly (< 75 years of age), renal impairment, liver disease and patients taking concomitant drugs] have been studied extensively. Only impaired renal function appears to significantly alter the elimination of this drug. Cefetamet pivoxil exerts its bactericidal action by inhibition the final transpeptidation step of peptidoglycan synthesis in the bacterial cell wall by binding to one or more of the Penicillin-binding Proteins (PBPs).

Chloropyramine is an antagonist of H1 histamine receptors. It is indicated for the treatment of various forms of allergic reactions. Chloropyramine is a drug capable of (1) inhibiting the biochemical function of VEGFR-3 and FAK, (2) inhibiting proliferation of a diverse set of cancer cell types in vitro, and (3) reducing tumor growth in vivo.

Propicillin (Baycillin Mega) is this semisynthetic penicillin, analogous to penicillin V, was introduced in the early 1960s. Although it is better absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, overall it is inferior to phenoxymethylpenicillin and phenoxyethylpenicillin because of its lower antibacterial activity. Propicillin is used by propicillin-susceptible pathogens in adults and adolescents from 14 years to treat mild to moderate bacterial infections. These include skin infections, ear, nose and throat infections (such as otitis media, sinusitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis) and infections of the bronchi andlung inflammation. Moreover propicillin can for prevention and treatment of scarlet fever or against rheumatic fever are used (bacterial infection of the nose and throat). Even with tooth or jaw surgery the drug is used to treat an endocarditis endocarditis prevent. Its mechanism of action could be due to binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, thus propicillin may inhibit the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis

Prenylamine, a slow Ca2+ channel blocker, was used to treat patients with angina pectoris, but because of the QT prolongation, this drug was withdrawn from the market. Prenylamine binds to calmodulin section and inhibits myosin light chain kinase.

S-Adenosylmethionine (often referred to as SAMe) is a methyl donor and a cofactor for enzyme-catalyzed methylations, including catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) and DNA methyltransferases (DNMT). Although present in all cells, it is concentrated in liver where 85% of all methylation reactions occur. SAM is anti-apoptotic in normal hepatocytes and normal colon epithelial cells but pro-apoptotic in liver human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), HepG2 cells and colon cancer cells. Because of structural instability, stable salt forms of SAM are required for its use as an oral drug. The commonly used salts: tosylate, butanedisulfonate, disulfate tosylate, disulfate ditosylate, and disulfate monotosylate. SAMe has been marketed in some European countries since the mid-1980s for the treatment of depression and for other medical conditions such as osteoarthritis (joint disease that causes joint pain and stiffness), fibromyalgia (widespread pain and stiffness). In addition, it is used to treat liver disease and migraine headaches. However, it is not formally approved in the UK for the treatment of depression, and in the USA, it is classified only as a dietary supplement. Some research suggests that it is more effective than placebo in treating mild-to-moderate depression and is just as effective as antidepressant medications without the side effects (headaches, sleeplessness, and sexual dysfunction). In addition, antidepressants tend to take 6 to 8 weeks to begin working, while It seems to begin more quickly. Researchers are not sure how SAMe works to relieve depression. But they speculate it might increase the amount of serotonin in the brain just as some antidepressants do. Many studies have examined injectable forms of SAMe, not oral supplements.

Gusperimus is an antibiotic, isolated from cultures of the soil commensal Bacillus laterosporus. It possess immunosuppressive properties and exerts its effect through binding to heat shock proteins Hsp90 and Hsc70. Although initially, the drug was being investigated for the treatment of cancer, it recieved orphan designation for the treatment of refractory Wegener’s granulomatosis.

Iophendylate (Pantopaque (in USA) or Myodil, formerly manufactures by Glaxo Laboratories (London,UK) was commonly used from the 1940s until the late 1980s for myelography, cisternography, and ventriculography; the use of oil-based contrast agents such as Myodil has been discontinued, and images of intradural oil-based contrast are rarely encountered at present. In 1942 Van Wagenen (a neurosurgical colleague of Warrens, at the University of Rochester) identified Iophendylate as causing chemical meningitis in 30 patients where "space-displacing masses within the spinal canal were suspected". Iophendylate has been shown to be both a radiographic and magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agent in patients with suspected cord abnormalities who underwent MR examination following myelography. The iophendylate appears as a linear band of high signal intensity along the dependent portion of the spinal canal on MR images obtained with a repetition time of 500 msec and an echo time of 30 msec. Recently was published report, where depicted a unique case of posteriorly located subdural trapped Myodil, about three decades after myelography. The clinical picture of that case highlighted that such a complication didn’t carry the risk of arachnoiditis and could remain silent for several decades. Although Iophendylate is not used for evaluation of spinal disease anymore in the modern diagnostic era, its former use and its intrathecal persistence makes its recognition in MR imaging important. That case emphasized the necessity of awareness about these rare features which continue to present even decades after abandonment of oil-based myelography.

Fluocortolone is a topical corticosteroid (class of steroid hormones formed in the adrenal gland). Is primary indicated in condition like, Ana fissure, Dermatosis haemorrhoids, proctitis. The signs and symptoms that are produced after the acute overdosage include convulsions, respiratory arrest, allergic skin reactions. Glucocorticoids, such as fluocortolone, act through nuclear hormone receptors Schaaf and Cidlowski (2002). The two members of this family are glucocorticoid receptor (GR) type I and GR type I I. Activation of these sites alters gene expression of endogenous agents that influence immune and inflammatory responses.

Suramin is an antiprotozoal and anthelmintic compound. It is indicated for the treatment of African trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness; trypanosome fever) and Onchocerciasis (river blindness). Additionally, suramin exhibits antineoplastic action. It was discovered that suramin produced dramatic, but transient, improvement of core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder.

Cefpirome is a semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, fourth-generation cephalosporin with antibacterial activity. Cefpirome binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. PBPs are enzymes involved in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall and in reshaping the cell wall during growth and division. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell lysis. Cefpirome is an injectable extended-spectrum or 'fourth generation' cephalosporin. Its antibacterial activity encompasses many of the pathogens involved in hospital-acquired infections such as Enterobacteriaceae, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci and viridans group streptococci. Cefpirome also has in vitro activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae regardless of penicillin susceptibility. It is stable against most plasmid- and chromosome-mediated beta-lactamases, with the exception of the extended-spectrum plasmid-mediated SHV enzymes. Intravenous cefpirome 2g twice daily has shown clinical efficacy comparable to that of ceftazidime 2g 3 times daily in the treatment of hospitalised patients with moderate to severe infections. Clinical response and bacteriological eradication rates were similar in patients with severe pneumonia or septicaemia treated with either cefpirome or ceftazidime. Cefpirome appeared more effective than ceftazidime in the eradication of bacteria in patients with febrile neutropenia in 1 study; however, clinical response rates were similar in the 2 treatment groups. The tolerability of cefpirome appears similar to that of ceftazidime and other third generation cephalosporins, diarrhoea being the most frequently observed event. Thus, cefpirome is likely to be a valuable extended-spectrum agent for the treatment of severe infections. Cefpirome offers improved coverage against some Gram-positive pathogens and Enterobacteriaceae producing class I beta-lactamases compared with the third generation cephalosporins, although this has yet to be demonstrated in clinical trials.