Citreoviridin (CIT) is a mycotoxin produced by Penicillum citreonigrum, Aspergillus terreus and Eupenicillium ochrosalmoneum. CIT occurs naturally in moldy rice and corn. CIT is associated with the development of atherosclerosis in the general population. Citreoviridin displays the ability to potently inhibit mitochondrial ATPases via uncompetitive inhibition of ATP hydrolysis. Additional research shows that Citreoviridin can inhibit ATP-driven reduction of NAD+ by succinate and ATP driven NAD transhydrogenase in ox hearts. Citreoviridin inhibits both membrane-bound and soluble mitochondrial ATPases. In particular, it inhibits synaptosomal Na+/K+-ATPase, altering synaptic transmission, and binds to the beta subunit of F1-ATPAse. As a result it has been shown to inhibit mitochondrial energy-linked reactions such as ADP-stimulated respiration, ATP-driven reduction of NAD + by succinate, and ATP-driven NAD transhydrogenase. Mycotoxins are often able to enter the liver and kidney by human organic anion transporters (hOATs) and human organic cation transporters (hOCTs). They can also inhibit uptake of anions and cations by these transporters, interfering with the secretion of endogenous metabolites, drugs, and xenobiotics including themselves. This results in increased cellular accumulation of toxic compounds causing nephro- and hepatotoxicity. citreoviridin could specifically kill cancer cells but not normal cells because of ectopically expressed ATP synthase (ecto-ATP synthase) on plasma membrane of cancer cells.