Fingolimod (FTY720) is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator indicated and approved for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Fingolimod (trade name Gilenya, Novartis) is metabolized by sphingosine kinase to the active metabolite, fingolimod-phosphate. Fingolimod-phosphate is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator, and binds with high affinity to sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors 1, 3, 4, and 5. Fingolimod-phosphate blocks the capacity of lymphocytes to egress from lymph nodes, reducing the number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood. The mechanism by which fingolimod exerts therapeutic effects in multiple sclerosis is unknown, but may involve reduction of lymphocyte migration into the central nervous system. Fingolimod was approved as a first-in-class, orally active drug for relapsing multiple sclerosis in 2010, and its applications in other disease conditions are currently under clinical trials.

Bepotastine is a non-sedating, selective antagonist of the histamine 1 (H1) receptor. It belongs to the second-generation piperidine chemical class. It is a mast cell stabilizer and suppresses the migration of eosinophils into inflamed tissues. Bepotastine was approved in Japan for use in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and uriticaria/puritus in July 2000 and January 2002, respectively, and is marketed by Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd. under the brand name Talion. It is available in oral and opthalmic dosage forms in Japan. The opthalmic solution is FDA approved since Sept 8, 2009 and is under the brand name Bepreve.

Icosapent is an important polyunsaturated fatty acid found in fish oils. It serves as the precursor for the prostaglandin-3 and thromboxane-3 families. A diet rich in eicosapentaenoic acid lowers serum lipid concentration, reduces incidence of cardiovascular disorders, prevents platelet aggregation, and inhibits arachidonic acid conversion into the thromboxane-2 and prostaglandin-2 families. EPA can be used for lowering elevated triglycerides in those who are hyperglyceridemic. In addition, EPA may play a therapeutic role in patients with cystic fibrosis by reducing disease severity and may play a similar role in type 2 diabetics in slowing the progression of diabetic nephropathy.

Tapentadol is the first US FDA-approved centrally acting analgesic having both μ-opioid receptor agonist and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) reuptake inhibition activity with minimal serotonin reuptake inhibition. Tapentadol is indicated for the management of pain severe enough to require daily, around-the-clock, long-term opioid treatment and for which alternative treatment options are inadequate, neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) severe enough to require daily, around-the-clock, long-term opioid treatment and for which alternative treatment options are inadequate.

Eltrombopag is a thrombopoietin (TPO) nonpeptide mimetic administered orally that activates the TPO receptor by binding to the transmembrane domain and initiates signaling cascades that induce proliferation and differentiation of megakaryocytes from bone marrow progenitor cells. Eltrombopag under brand name promacta is approved for the treatment of the low blood platelet counts in adults with chronic immune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenia (ITP), when certain other medicines, or surgery to remove the spleen, have not worked well enough. ITP is a condition that may cause unusual bruising or bleeding due to an abnormally low number of platelets in the blood. Eltrombopag has also been approved for the treatment of thrombocytopenia (low blood platelet counts) in patients with chronic hepatitis C to allow them to initiate and maintain interferon-based therapy and to treat patients with severe aplastic anemia who have had an insufficient response to immunosuppressive therapy.

Regadenoson (Lexiscan), a low affinity agonist of the A2A adenosine receptor, increases coronary blood flow (CBF) and mimics the increase in CBF caused by exercise. Myocardial uptake of the radiopharmaceutical is proportional to CBF creating the contrast required to identify stenotic coronary arteries. It is a pharmacologic stress agent indicated for radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) in patients unable to undergo adequate exercise stress. The most common adverse reactions to Lexiscan are dyspnea, headache, flushing, chest discomfort, dizziness, angina pectoris, chest pain, and nausea. Methylxanthines, e.g., caffeine and theophylline, may interfere with the activity of Lexiscan. Aminophylline may be used to attenuate severe and/or persistent adverse reactions to Lexiscan.

Difluprednate is a corticosteroid used as an anti-inflammatory steroidal drug used primarily in ocular surgery. It is thought to act by the induction of phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins (lipocortins). It is postulated that these proteins control the biosynthesis of potent mediators of infammation such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes by inhibiting the release of their common precursor arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid is released from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2. It is marketed by Alcon under the tradename Durezol.

Fluticasone furoate is a synthetic trifluorinated corticosteroid with potent anti-inflammatory activity. Fluticasone furoate is a anti-allergic agents that is FDA approved for the treatment of symptoms of seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis, asthma and for reducing exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Fluticasone furoate has been shown in vitro to exhibit a binding affinity for the human glucocorticoid receptor. The clinical relevance of these findings is unknown. The most common adverse reactions (>1% incidence) included headache, epistaxis, pharyngolaryngeal pain, nasal ulceration, back pain, pyrexia, and cough. Coadministration of ritonavir is not recommended. Use caution with coadministration of other potent CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as ketoconazole.

Rotigotine is an agonist at all 5 dopamine receptor subtypes (D1-D5) but binds to the D3 receptor with the highest affinity. It is also an antagonist at α-2-adrenergic receptors and an agonist at the 5HT1A receptors. Rotigotine also inhibits dopamine uptake and prolactin secretion. It is FDA approved for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, restless legs syndrome. Dopamine antagonists, such as antipsychotics or metoclopramide, may diminish the effectiveness of Rotigotine. Common adverse reactions include nausea, vomiting, somnolence, application site reactions, dizziness, anorexia, hyperhidrosis, insomnia and dyskinesia.