Diethyltoluamide (DEET) is an insect repellent used to keep insects away. This product is effective against mosquitoes, biting flies (gnats, sandflies, deer flies, stable flies, black flies), ticks, harvest mites, and fleas. DEET is absorbed through the skin. DEET has few adverse effects when applied as directed. The most common problem is local skin irritation, including erythema and pruritis, at the site of application.

Asiatic acid is a triterpene aglycone originally found in Centella; it exhibits cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antihypertensive, anticancer, anti-fibrotic, and anti-osteoporotic activities. In vitro and in vivo, asiatic acid inhibits TGF-β1-induced and overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy, decreasing production of TGF-β1 and activation of NF-κB, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK. In high fat diet-fed rats, asiatic acid decreases expression of NF-κB, p38 MAPK, IL-1β, ROS, IL-6, and TNF-α and increases activity of glutathione peroxidase and catalase, preventing hepatic steatosis. Additionally, asiatic acid inhibits L-NAME-induced hypertension, increasing levels of NO and improving vascular function. In multiple myeloma cells, this compound induces G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, decreases expression of FAK, and inhibits cell proliferation. Asiatic acid inhibits adipogenesis, suppresses activation of G3PDH, and modulates differentiation in bone marrow stromal cells. In animal models of fibrosis, this compound decreases tubular injury and fibroblast activation by suppressing activation of Smad2/3, regulating PPARγ activation, and decreasing levels of α-SMA and TGF-β1. Asiatic acid stimulates wound healing by increasing collagen production. Asiatic acid is considered to be the most therapeutically active ingredient of Madecassol, marketed in Korea as wound healing agent for traumatic or surgical wounds, burns, skin grafts, fistulas, abnormal retractile or decubitus scars, cutaneomucous lesions in ENT, gynaecology, ulcerous lesions in leprosy, striae distensae, cellulitis, varicose leg ulcers, haemorrhoid.

Phenylpropanol is used as a heat transfer medium, in perfumery, and as a choleretic; used as a flavoring agent. It is used clinically as choleretic drug.

N-hexanoylsphingosine is biologically active, cell permeable but nonphysiologic ceramide analog. Liposomal N-hexanoylsphingosine activates protein phosphatase 1 to inhibit melanoma cells. N-hexanoylsphingosine activates a cytosolic serine/threonine protein phosphatase in a dose-dependent manner. It induces cytochrome c (Cyt c) release from isolated rat liver mitochondria. It sensitizes vincristine-induced anticancer activity in vivo and in vitro, involving activating AMPK-p53 signaling.

Zeranol is a non-steroidal anabolic growth promoter with potent estrogenic activity that is widely used as a growth promoter in the US beef industry. It is a mycotoxin, derived from fungi in the Fusarium family, it is an estrogen agonist. Zeranol is approved for use as a growth promoter in livestock, including beef cattle, in the United States. In Canada, it is approved for use in beef cattle only. Zeranol was officially banned in Europe due to safety concerns because of its potential carcinogenic and endocrine-disrupting biological activity. Merck Animal Health markets zeranol under the brand name Ralgro. It has being shown, that zeranol may increase cancer cell proliferation in already existing breast cancer.

Tocopheryl retinoate (tocoretinate) is an alpha-tocopherol ester of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and safely used to treat skin ulcers. Tocopheryl retinoate stimulates the formation of granulation tissue in the ulcer, and enhances the migration of guinea pig macrophages and stimulates the proliferation of human skin fibroblasts. It is usually used to treat pressure ulcer (bedsore) and skin ulcer (burn ulcer, diabetic ulcer, leg ulcer). Topical application of tocoretinate reduced the clinical symptoms of lichen amyloidosis and macular amyloidosis, and normalized disturbed epidermal differentiation.

Methylinositol is a natural product in the family of inositols. It is found in many foods as well as pine tree bark. Methylinositol is found naturally in many foods and is commercially available as an approved food supplement. Methylinositol can mediate insulin action to improve glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, especially in patients with insulin resistance. It plays a positive role in regulating insulin-mediated glucose uptake in the liver through translocation and activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The compound also modulates gamma-secretase to reduce A-betta production while sparing cleavage of the gamma-secretase substrate Notch. Methylinositol improves cognitive function and memory deficits in preclinical models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology. Methylinositol was will tolerated in the population of AD subjects of varying age and severity. No serious adverse effects were detected in clinical trials. Many plant-derived compounds have excellent therapeutic potential against various human ailments. It was shown, that methylinositol mitigates tumor growth by modulating interleukins and hormones and induces apoptosis in rat breast carcinogenesis through inhibition of NF-κB.

Asiaticoside is a triterpene found in Centella that exhibits anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, cognition enhancing, antipyretic, antioxidative, pro-angiogenic, anticancer chemotherapeutic, and chemopreventive activities. Asiaticoside inhibits melanogenesis by decreasing DNA binding by MITF; as a result, it is occasionally used in skin whitening treatments. Asiaticoside induces apoptosis, increases activation of caspase 3, decreases release of TNF-α and IL-1β, and suppresses tumor development and size in animal models of breast cancer. In animal models of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, asiaticoside improves memory and learning deficits and decreases levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β. Additionally, asiaticoside decreases LPS-induced inflammation and fever, suppresses activity of myeloperoxidase, and increases activity of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in vivo. Asiaticoside exhibits significant wound healing activity in normal as well as delayed healing models, increasing cell migration, attachment, and growth in vitro. Asiaticoside is an active ingredient of Madecassol, marketed in Korea as wound healing agent for traumatic or surgical wounds, burns, skin grafts, fistulas, abnormal retractile or decubitus scars, cutaneomucous lesions in ENT, gynaecology, ulcerous lesions in leprosy, striae distensae, cellulitis, varicose leg ulcers, haemorrhoid..

Alpha-terpineol is a monoterpene found in the essential oils of several aromatic plant species. It has an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. alpha-Terpineol is a fragrance ingredient used in decorative cosmetics, fine fragrances, shampoos, toilet soaps, and other toiletries as well as in non-cosmetic products such as household cleaners and detergents. alpha-Terpineol was approved by the FDA as a flavor.

Stevioside, an abundant component of Stevia rebaudiana leaf, has become well-known for its intense sweetness (250-300 times sweeter than sucrose) and is used as a non-caloric sweetener in several countries. Steviol and isosteviol (metabolic components of stevioside) may offer therapeutic benefits, as they have anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-diarrheal, diuretic, and immunomodulatory actions. In the presence of 16.7 mM glucose both stevioside and steviol enhance insulin secretion from incubated islets in a dose-dependent manner (1 nM to 1 mM). Even though both stevioside and steviol possess an insulinotropic/anti-hyperglycemic effect, steviol is more potent than stevioside. Steviol is an inhibitor of hOAT1 and hOAT3 organic anion transporters. Human organic anion transporter hOAT1 belongs to a superfamily of organic anion transporters, which play critical roles in the body disposition of clinically important drugs including anti-HIV therapeutics, anti-tumor drugs, antibiotics, anti-hypertensives, and anti-inflammatories. Highly purified steviol glycosides have repeatedly received Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status from the US Food and Drug Administration in the past (FDA).