Vincamine is the major alkaloid of Vinca minor. Although vincamine has been used therapeutically for almost three decades, the exact mechanisms of action and its effects are still unknown. Vincamine is a peripheral vasodilator that increases blood flow to the brain. Vincamine is beneficial to the nervous system's cells feeding and protecting processes and is utilized as an adjuvant in case of cerebrovascular insufficiency, age-related psycho-behavioral disorders, post concussion syndrome in head trauma, in case of post-stroke sequels. Vincamine may be used as a dietary nootropic supplement.

Pirenoxine is an anti-cataract agent which is used in many asian countries under the name Catalin. Although its efficacy is not proved scientifically, the drug may play an important role in cataract prevention. It is supposed that the anti-cataract effect of pirenoxine results from inhibition of sulfhydryl combination of quinoid substances with lens proteins and the inhibition leads to the maintenance of lens transparency.

Mechlorethamine Oxide was approved by the FDA in 1949 for the treatment of hematologic malignancies, alkylating agents are the oldest class of anticancer agents. A biologic alkylating agent exerts its cytotoxic effects by forming DNA adducts and DNA interstrand crosslinks, thereby inhibiting rapidly proliferating cells. Mechlorethamine Oxide is an antineoplastic agent used to treat Hodgkin desease and Lymphoma. Known under the brand names of Mustargen and Valchlor in USA. The FDA granted marketing approval for the orphan drug Valchlor (mechlorethamine) gel on August 23, 2013 for the topical treatment of stage IA and IB mycosis fungoides-type cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) in patients who have received prior skin-directed therapy. Each tube of Valchlor contains 0.016% of mechlorethamine which is equivalent to 0.02% mechlorethamine HCL.

Ethamsylate (2,5-dihydroxy-benzene-sulfonate diethylammonium salt) is a synthetic hemostatic drug indicated in cases of capillary bleeding. Ethamsylate acts on the first step of hemostasis by improving platelet adhesiveness and restoring capillary resistance. In addition it inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis. Well-controlled clinical trials clearly showed the therapeutic efficacy of ethamsylate in dysfunctional uterine bleeding, with the magnitude of blood-loss reduction being directly proportional to the severity of the menorrhagia. Other well-controlled clinical trials showed therapeutic efficacy of ethamsylate in periventricular hemorrhage in very low birth weight babies and surgical or postsurgical capillary bleeding.

METHYLMETHIONINE (S-Methionine methyl sulfonium, SMMS) chloride is a derivative of methionine metabolism in some plants. Methylmethionine has therapeutic effects on gastrointestinal ulceration potentially via its ability to promote dermal fibroblast migration and growth. The natural derivative Methylmethionine is biosynthesized from L-methionine which is first converted to S-adenosylmethionine. The subsequent conversion, involving replacement of the adenosyl group by a methyl group is catalyzed by the enzyme methionine S-methyltransferase. Methylmethionine is particularly abundant in plants, being more abundant than methionine. S-Methylmethionine is sometimes referred to as vitamin U, but it is not considered a true vitamin. The term was coined in 1950 by Garnett Cheney for uncharacterized anti-ulcerogenic factors in raw cabbage juice that may help speed healing of peptic ulcers.

Cridanimod (Virexxa) is a small-molecule immunomodulator and interferon inducer, which, in preliminary studies, has been shown to increase progesterone receptor expression in endometrial tissue. Restoration of progesterone receptor expression may re-sensitize endometrial tumor tissue to progestin therapy in previously unresponsive tumors. Cridanimod was originally developed by Polysan and Pharmsynthez and licensed to Xenetic Biosciences. Virexxa is currently being studied in an ongoing Phase 2 multi-national study in conjunction with progestin therapy for the treatment of endometrial cancer in women with the recurrent or persistent disease who have failed progestin monotherapy.

Benexate is an active ingredient of benexate.CD or benexate hydrochloride betadex, a beta-cyclodextrin complex. Benexate was approved for the treatment of Gastric Ulcer in Japan. The terapeuthic effect of benexate is associated with promotion of prostaglandin synthesis, inhibition of acid secretion and increase in mucosal blood flow.

Linsidomine (SIN-1, chemically 3-morpholinosydnonimin), is a vasodilator and antianginal drug. It is the direct hepatic metabolite of molsidomine. The dosage recommended by its manufacturer for its initial purpose, coronary angiography, is 0.4-1 mg. Contrary to molsidomine, which is widely used as an antianginal drug, linsidomine is used only for coronary angiography. The plasma half-life of Linsidomine is about 1 hour. Linsidomine is nonenzymatically metabolized to SIN-1A which spontaneously releases NO. NO, probably released directly from nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) nerves in the penis, is believed to cause smooth muscle relaxation by stimulating the soluble form of guanylate cyclase leading to an increase of intracellular cyclic guanosine 3',5' monophosphate (cGMP) with subsequent smooth muscle relaxation. Linsidomine also hyperpolarizes the cell membrane, making the smooth muscle less susceptible to adrenergic stimulation. NO further interacts with platelets when released intraluminally causing an increase in cGMP that decreases platelet aggregation and adhesion

Mifamurtide (liposomal muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine; trade name Mepact) is an immunomodulator with antitumor effects that appear to be mediated via activation of monocytes and macrophages. After intravenous administration, mifamurtide is selectively phagocytosed by monocytes and macrophages. Cytosolic Mifamurtide specifically interacts with nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) receptor that induces nuclear factor (NF)-kB activation and is implicated in innate immune defense. Activation of monocyte-mediated tumoricidal function was observed following in vivo treatment with mifamurtide in phase I/II clinical trials. Intravenous administration of mifamurtide inhibited tumor growth and increased survival in rodent models of lung and liver metastasis. In a large, randomized, open-label, multicenter, phase III trial, the addition of adjuvant (postoperative) mifamurtide to three- or four-drug combination chemotherapy (doxorubicin, cisplatin, and high-dose methotrexate with, or without, ifosfamide) was associated with a statistically significant improvement in overall survival in patients with newly diagnosed, high-grade, non-metastatic, resectable osteosarcoma. The pattern of outcome was generally similar in a small cohort of patients with metastatic disease who were enrolled in this trial. Mifamurtide is generally well tolerated; adverse events attributed to administration of the drug include chills, fever, headache, nausea, and myalgias. In the EU, mifamurtide is indicated in children, adolescents, and young adults for the treatment of high-grade, resectable, non-metastatic osteosarcoma after macroscopically complete surgical resection; it is administered by intravenous infusion in conjunction with postoperative multiagent chemotherapy. In the US, mifamurtide is currently an investigational agent that holds orphan drug status for the treatment of osteosarcoma.

Ethamsylate (2,5-dihydroxy-benzene-sulfonate diethylammonium salt) is a synthetic hemostatic drug indicated in cases of capillary bleeding. Ethamsylate acts on the first step of hemostasis by improving platelet adhesiveness and restoring capillary resistance. In addition it inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis. Well-controlled clinical trials clearly showed the therapeutic efficacy of ethamsylate in dysfunctional uterine bleeding, with the magnitude of blood-loss reduction being directly proportional to the severity of the menorrhagia. Other well-controlled clinical trials showed therapeutic efficacy of ethamsylate in periventricular hemorrhage in very low birth weight babies and surgical or postsurgical capillary bleeding.