Iodipamide is used as a contrast agent for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography. Following intravenous administration of Cholografin Meglumine, iodipamide is carried to the liver where it is rapidly secreted. The contrast medium appears in the bile within 10 to 15 minutes after injection, thus permitting visualization of the hepatic and common bile ducts, even in cholecystectomized patients. Iodipamide (Cholografin Meglumine) is indicated for intravenous cholangiography and cholecystography as follows: (a) visualization of the gallbladder and biliary ducts in the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal conditions, (b) visualization of the biliary ducts, especially in patients with symptoms after cholecystectomy, and (c) visualization of the gallbladder in patients unable to take oral contrast media or to absorb contrast media from the gastrointestinal tract. The biliary ducts are readily visualized within about 25 minutes after administration, except in patients with impaired liver function. The gallbladder begins to fill within an hour after injection; maximum filling is reached after two to two and one-half hours. Organic iodine compounds block x-rays as they pass through the body, thereby allowing body structures containing iodine to be delineated in contrast to those structures that do not contain iodine. The degree of opacity produced by these iodinated organic compounds is directly proportional to the total amount (concentration and volume) of the iodinated contrast agent in the path of the x-rays. Iodipamide's primary excretion through the hepato-biliary system and concentration in bile allows visualization of the gallbladder and biliary ducts.

Iodipamide is used as a contrast agent for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography. Following intravenous administration of Cholografin Meglumine, iodipamide is carried to the liver where it is rapidly secreted. The contrast medium appears in the bile within 10 to 15 minutes after injection, thus permitting visualization of the hepatic and common bile ducts, even in cholecystectomized patients. Iodipamide (Cholografin Meglumine) is indicated for intravenous cholangiography and cholecystography as follows: (a) visualization of the gallbladder and biliary ducts in the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal conditions, (b) visualization of the biliary ducts, especially in patients with symptoms after cholecystectomy, and (c) visualization of the gallbladder in patients unable to take oral contrast media or to absorb contrast media from the gastrointestinal tract. The biliary ducts are readily visualized within about 25 minutes after administration, except in patients with impaired liver function. The gallbladder begins to fill within an hour after injection; maximum filling is reached after two to two and one-half hours. Organic iodine compounds block x-rays as they pass through the body, thereby allowing body structures containing iodine to be delineated in contrast to those structures that do not contain iodine. The degree of opacity produced by these iodinated organic compounds is directly proportional to the total amount (concentration and volume) of the iodinated contrast agent in the path of the x-rays. Iodipamide's primary excretion through the hepato-biliary system and concentration in bile allows visualization of the gallbladder and biliary ducts.

Phenylbutazone is an anti-inflammatory drug, which binds to and inactivates cyclooxygenases and prostacyclin synthase through peroxide (H2O2) mediated deactivation. The reduced production of prostaglandin leads to reduced inflammation of the surrounding tissues. Phenylbutazone was marked under the brand name butazolidin for the treatment rheumatoid arthritis and gout, but then this usage was discontinued. In addition, phenylbutazone is used in UK for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis, but only in those cases, when other therapies are unsuitable.

Phenylbutazone is an anti-inflammatory drug, which binds to and inactivates cyclooxygenases and prostacyclin synthase through peroxide (H2O2) mediated deactivation. The reduced production of prostaglandin leads to reduced inflammation of the surrounding tissues. Phenylbutazone was marked under the brand name butazolidin for the treatment rheumatoid arthritis and gout, but then this usage was discontinued. In addition, phenylbutazone is used in UK for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis, but only in those cases, when other therapies are unsuitable.

Phenylbutazone is an anti-inflammatory drug, which binds to and inactivates cyclooxygenases and prostacyclin synthase through peroxide (H2O2) mediated deactivation. The reduced production of prostaglandin leads to reduced inflammation of the surrounding tissues. Phenylbutazone was marked under the brand name butazolidin for the treatment rheumatoid arthritis and gout, but then this usage was discontinued. In addition, phenylbutazone is used in UK for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis, but only in those cases, when other therapies are unsuitable.

Aminohippurate (p-aminohippuric acid, PAH, PAHA) is the glycine amide of p-aminobenzoic acid. Aminohippuric acid sodium salt is an agent to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF).

Rutin, also called rutoside, is the glycoside flavonoid found in a certain fruits and vegetables. Most rutine-rich foods are capers, olives, buckwheat (whole grain flour), asparagus, raspberry.In a clinical trial, rutin was found to aid control of intraocular pressure in patients with primary open angle glaucoma. As a component of dietary supplement Phlogenzym, rutin is used for treatment of osteoarthritis. Rutin is also used for treatment of post-surgical swelling of the arm after breast cancer surgery. Traditionally, rutin is used to prevent mucositis due to cancer treatment, to treat blood vessel disease such as varicose veins, bleeding, hemorrhoids.

Hydrastinine is a synthetic alkaloid prepared by various processes from either hydrastine, berberine, or narcotine. It exerts a strong stimulating action on the uterus of all species studied, including human. Hydrastinine and the closely related alkaloid cotarnine have been employed as hemostatics, particularly in abnormal uterine conditions. In the non-pregnant animal, hydrastinine in doses of 10 mg. depressed both tonus and activity, even after the section of the hypogastric. In the pregnant cat, it caused the uterus to contract. A stimulant action was also noted in the non-pregnant animal if nicotine were administered prior to hydrastinine. The rabbit uterus in situ was strongly contracted. Laidlaw believed that hydrastinine acted on the uterus both directly on the smooth muscle and also through its sympathetic innervation. Repeated administration of large doses for a period of time resulted in greatly increased amplitude of contractions which persisted after removal of the drug. The drug was patented by Bayer as a haemostatic drug during the 1910s.

Resveratrol, a natural non-flavonoid polyphenol, exhibits a wide range of beneficial properties as an anticancer agent, a platelet anti-aggregation agent, and an antioxidant, as well as its anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, antiallergenic. This compound is in phase III clinical trials in combination with carboxymethyl-β-glucan for improving nasal symptoms in children with pollen-induced allergic rhinitis. Also in phase III clinical trial in the treatment of painful knee osteoarthritis and in type 2 diabetic patients. It has been demonstrated that resveratrol may prevent type 2 diabetic by targeting Sirtuin type 1 (SIRT1), indicating that SIRT1 may be a novel therapeutic target for diabetes prevention.

Elobixibat is the first in class ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) inhibitor. IBAT inhibitors block ileal absorption of bile acids by: (1) interrupting the enterohepatic circulation of bile resulting in a fall in serum cholesterol and (2) increasing the delivery of bile acids into the colon. Elobixibat stimulates both motor and secretory functions in the colon. Elobixibat is approved in Japan for the treatment of chronic constipation. Elobixibat has potential benefit in the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.