Vinyl ether (divinyl ether) is a clear colorless liquid with a characteristic odor. Less dense than water. Vapors heavier than air. Toxic by inhalation. Leake and Chen in 1930 demonstrated that vinyl ether possessed anaesthetic properties, and in 1931 a purer and more stable product was prepared in the research laboratories of Merck and Co. by Ruigh and Major and was used as ananaesthetic on dogs by Knoefel, Guedel, and Leake. These investigators found that dogs were more easily anaesthetized by vinyl ether than by chloroform. They also found that the period of recovery was rapid and free from vomiting; moreover, they did not notice any significant pathological effect on the various organs.The first experiments on human beings were conducted in 1933 by Gelfan and Bell. The first extensive account of vinyl ether anaesthesia in man was published in 1934, when Goldschmidt et al. reported having used it in operations in 461 mixed cases. In all these cases vinyl ether appeared to have no undesirable effect on respiration, the circulation, the liver, or the kidneys. Vinyl ether was widely used in Europe and North America for at least 30 years, until it was replaced by halothane. Vinyl ether was marketed under the name of Vinethine in the United States, Vinesthine in the United Kingdom, and Vinydan in continental Europe. Vinyl ether outlasted many of the inhalation agents introduced in recent years, and served a very useful purpose until safer, non-flammable agents, became available in the mid1960s.

Sulfaquinoxaline is a veterinary drug, which can be given to animals to treat coccidiosis and Acute Fowl cholera. It has often used in combinations with others drugs. It had its origins in the chemical synthetic program that sprang from the introduction of sulfonamide drugs into human medicine in the 1930s. The program was sustained through the years of World War II despite declining clinical use of that chemical class. Several sulfa drugs were known to be active against the sporozoan parasite (Plasmodium spp.) that causes malaria, but were not satisfactory in clinical practice. A sulfonamide that had a long plasma half-life would ipso facto be considered promising as an antimalarial drug. Sulfaquinoxaline, synthesized during the war, was such a compound. It proved too toxic to be used in human malaria, but was found to be a superior agent against another sporozoan parasite, Eimeria spp., the causative agent of coccidiosis in domestic chickens. In 1948 sulfaquinoxaline was introduced commercially as a poultry coccidiostat. The action mechanism of sulfaquinoxaline is to inhibit the dihydrofolate synthetase to encumber the nucleate synthesis of bacterium and coccidian its active peak to coccidian is at the second schizont stage (the fourth day of coccidial life cycle), so it will not affect the anti-coccidial immunity in chicken.

Tildipirosin is a semisynthetic derivative of the naturally occurring 16-membered macrolide tylosin. Tildipirosin is intended for parenteral treatment of respiratory disease in cattle and swine. Tildipirosin will be administered as a single-dose injection: subcutaneously in cattle and intramuscularly in swine. The anticipated optimal clinical dose is 4 mg/kg bw. Tildipirosin is not used in human medicine. It is marketed under the brand name Zuprevo. As for other macrolides, the antimicrobial activity of tildipirosin is due to its binding to the ribosomal 50S subunit of bacterial cells thereby inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. The in vitro antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens indicates that tildipirosin is effective against a range of bacterial pathogens frequently associated with bovine and swine respiratory disease. Comparison of minimum inhibitory versus bactericidal concentrations shows that generally the antimicrobial action of tildipirosin is bacteriostatic.

Firocoxib is a selective COX-2 inhibitor which was approved by FDA and EMEA for the treatment of osteoarthritis and postoperative pain in dogs (Previcox trade name) and horses (Equioxx trade name). The drug is not for human use.

An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. Papaverine is a vasodilating agent. Papaverine is used for the treating certain conditions that are accompanied by smooth muscle spasms (eg, blood vessel, urinary, gallbladder, or intestinal spasm). Papaverine is a nonxanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitor for the relief of cerebral and peripheral ischemia associated with arterial spasm and myocardial ischemia complicated by arrhythmias. The main actions of Papaverine are exerted on cardiac and smooth muscle. Like qathidine, Papaverine acts directly on the heart muscle to depress conduction and prolong the refractory period. Papaverine relaxes various smooth muscles. This relaxation may be prominent if spasm exists. The muscle cell is not paralyzed by Papaverine and still responds to drugs and other stimuli causing contraction. The antispasmodic effect is a direct one, and unrelated to muscle innervation. Papaverine is practically devoid of effects on the central nervous system. Papaverine relaxes the smooth musculature of the larger blood vessels, especially coronary, systemic peripheral, and pulmonary arteries. Papaverine is a potent, specific inhibitor of PDE10A. Papaverine for treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) is excluded from coverage.

Amprolium Hydrochloride is a broad spectrum, potent coccidiostat (anti-protozoal) used for the treatment and prevention of Coccidiosis in cattle, goats, sheep, and poultry (chicken and turkey) in veterinary. Amprolium probably acts by inhibiting thiamine uptake by parasites and thus creates disorders in the metabolism of parasites.

Clorsulon is a compound belonging to the benzenesulphonamide family. It is used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of liver fluke (monotherapy), gasrtointestinal and lung worms, lice, grubs and mites (in combination with ivermectin) in cattles. Clorsulon inhibits the enzymes involved in the glycolytic pathways of the common liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica or Fasciola gigantica), namely phosphoglycerate kinase and phosphoglyceromutase.

Arprinocid is a coccidiostat used in veterinary medicine. Effective against coccidiosis in poultry.

Timolol maleate (ISTALOL) is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent. Timolol maleate is a beta1 and beta2 (non-selective) adrenergic receptor blocking agent that does not have significant intrinsic sympathomimetic, direct myocardial depressant, or local anesthetic (membrane-stabilizing) activity. In its opthalmic form, Timolol maleate, is used to treat open-angle and occasionally secondary glaucoma. Timolol maleate, when applied topically to the eye, has the action of reducing elevated, as well as normal, intraocular pressure, whether or not accompanied by glaucoma. Elevated intraocular pressure is a major risk factor in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous visual field loss and optic nerve damage. Timolol maleate ester is a Timolol maleate specified impurity E [EP]. Timolol impurities are used for ANDA filling/DMF filling and genotoxic study.

Omarigliptin is a new once-weekly dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. It potently but reversibly inhibits DPP-4 enzyme, which prolongs the circulating half-life of glucagon-like peptide-1 that increases insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. Benefiting from glucose-dependent insulin secretion, omarigliptin is associated with low risk of hypoglycemia. Marizev (omarigliptin) 25 mg and 12.5 mg tablets were approved by Japan's Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) on 28th Sept 2015. Japan was the first country to have approved omarigliptin.