Elaiophylin (also known as Azalomycin-B) is a natural compound, a macrolide antibiotic that was first isolated from a culture of Streptomyces melanosporus. Elaiophylin is a novel and potent inhibitor of late-stage autophagy with outstanding antitumor activity in human ovarian cancer cells. In addition was shown, that elaiophylin could be a promising therapeutic strategy for overcoming incurable multiple myeloma (MM), even when TP53 mutations are present. It is known, that autophagy inhibition is a promising approach and is being investigated as a new target strategy for ovarian cancer treatment. Autophagy, a lysosome-dependent pathway, is a complex catabolic process that involves the degradation of dysfunctional or useless cytoplasmic constituents. Thus, elaiophylin, a novel autophagy inhibitor with unique chemical structure, provides the potential for structure-based development of autophagy inhibitors for new cancer therapies. Also, elaiophylin is an inhibitor of a testosterone 5 alpha-reductase.

Isobutol (trade name ISOETAM) is a salt of ethambutol and isoniazid methanesulfonate with tuberculostatic and bacteriostatic action. The purpose of this combination is to keep the strong anti-microbic activity of isoniazid in the manner where ethambutol would delay the appearance of resistance.

Acetyl-D-carnitine (acetylcarnitine, (+)) is an isomer of the drug, L-acetylcarnitine. Acetyl-D-carnitine has been studied in the therapeutic treatment of glaucoma.

Erucic acid is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid found mainly in the Brassica family of plants such as canola, rapeseed, wallflower seed, mustard seed as well as Brussels spouts and broccoli. Erucic acid has many of the same uses as mineral oils but with the advantage that it is more readily biodegradable. Its high tolerance to temperature makes it suitable for transmission oil. Its ability to polymerize and dry means it can be - and is - used as a binder for oil paints. Increased levels of eicosenoic acid (20:ln9) and erucic acid (22:1n9) have been found in the red blood cell membranes of autistic subjects with developmental regression. While studies done on laboratory animals in the early 1970s show that erucic acid appears to have toxic effects on the heart at high enough doses, an association between the consumption of rapeseed oil and increased myocardial lipidosis, or heart disease, has not been established for humans. While there are reports of toxicity from long-term use of Lorenzo's oil (which contains erucic acid and other ingredients), there are no reports of harm to people from dietary consumption of erucic acid. In 2003, Food Standards Australia set a provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) for an average adult of about 500 mg/day of erucic acid, extrapolated based on "the level that is associated with increased myocardial lipidosis in nursing pigs."

Arabinitol is the five-carbon sugar alcohol D-arabinitol (DA). It is a metabolite of the pathogenic Candida species, in vitro as well as in vivo, and can be determined by gas chromatography or enzymatic analysis. Endogenous DA and L-arabinitol (LA) are present in human body fluids. Serum DA and LA increase in renal dysfunction. In prospective clinical studies, elevated DA/LA or DA/creatine ratios in serum or urine have been found in immunocompromised, usually neutropenic, patients with invasive candidiasis. In addition, positive DA results have been obtained several days to weeks before positive blood cultures, and the normalization of DA levels has been correlated with therapeutic response in both humans and animals. Thus, arabinitol has been suggested a marker for invasive candidiasis. A non-invasive, non-culture-based method of determining urinary D-/L-arabinitol (D-/L-ARA) ratios was investigated as a tool for the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis in nosocomial paediatric infection cases in the clinical trial.

Carnosic acid [CA, (4aR,10aS)-5,6-dihydroxy-1,1-dimethyl-7- propan-2-yl-2,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydrophenanthrene-4a-carboxylic acid] is a phenolic diterpene found in the leaves of the rosemary plant (Rosmarinus officinalis) and is used routinely as a food and cosmetic additive due to its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Carnosic acid as a food additive has a good safety profile and does not pose a health concern. Carnosic acid has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anticancer, photoprotective, and antiadipogenic activities in vitro. Carnosic acid was shown to induce significant weight loss and reduced visceral adiposity in ob/ob mice fed a diet supplemented with carnosic acid. Carnosic acid is used as a preservative or antioxidant in food and nonfood products (e.g. toothpaste, mouthwash and chewing gum) -in which it has an antimicrobial effect on the microbes responsible for bad breath- or in skin care products.

Cupric tartrate may be used as a catalyst for the fabrication of helical polyacetylene fibers by the polymerization of acetylene. Cupric tartrate is only very slightly soluble in water. The salt (Fehling's solution) can be used as a reagent for the detection of glucose in blood.

Dimethyl sulfate (DMS) is a diester of methanol and sulfurous acid. Dimethyl sulfate is a potential reagent for the methylation. It is a substrate for sulfite oxidase. Dimethyl sulfate is stable in blood and can be transported from the intestines to the alveoli and the air. Therefore, DMS in the blood is accepted as a marker of halitosis. The high DMS levels in systemic circulation detected in the multicenter case-control clinical study of laryngopharyngeal reflux.

SKF-91488 is a noncompetitive inhibitor of histamine-N-methyltransferase. It modulates the effects of exogenous histamine and endogenously released histamine induced by antigen challenge on plasma extravasation in the airway in guinea pigs in vivo. SKF-91488 raised dose-dependently the pain threshold in rodent antinociception tests. Endogenous central histamine, after SKF 91488 treatment, via activation of H, receptors produces reversal of hypotension, with improvement in the survival rate at 2 h after treatment, in rats subjected to critical haemorrhagic hypovolaemia.

2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride (TTC) is a redox indicator. In the TTC assay (also known as TTC test or tetrazolium test), TTC is used to differentiate between metabolically active and inactive tissues or cells. The white compound is enzymatically reduced to red TPF (1,3,5-triphenylformazan) in living tissues or cells due to the activity of various dehydrogenases (enzymes important in oxidation of organic compounds and thus cellular metabolism), while it remains as white TTC in areas of necrosis since these enzymes have been either denatured or degraded. TTC test is a reliable, sensitive, and specific adjunct in the examination of the human heart at necropsy to diagnose acute myocardial infarction in the human population. In addition TTC test may be used for diagnostics of bacteriuria.