Racecadotril (acetorphan) is an oral enkephalinase inhibitor for use in the treatment of acute diarrhea. Racecadotril reduces hypersecretion of water and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen, by preventing the degradation of endogenous enkephalins. Treatment with racecadotril reduces the incidence and duration of acute diarrhea and reduces diarrhea-associated symptoms compared with placebo in adults. Racecadotril treatment also results in significant reductions in stool output compared with placebo in infants and young children aged 2 months to 4 years with acute diarrhea. Both rotavirus-negative and rotavirus-positive infections appear to respond to treatment in the pediatric populations investigated for this infection. Racecadotril shows similar or slightly reduced efficacy to loperamide in the treatment of diarrhea in adults and children aged up to 10 years. However, in comparative trials, racecadotril was associated with fewer adverse events than loperamide, in particular, post-treatment constipation. Racecadotril is available in France (where it was first introduced in ~1990) and other European countries (including Germany, Italy, the UK, Spain and the Czech Republic) as well as most of South America and some South East Asian countries (including China, India and Thailand), but not in the United States.

Ramosetron (INN) is a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist for the treatment of nausea, vomiting. And "diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome in males" (IBS-D). Ramosetron is licensed for use in India, Japan (Iribo) and selected Southeast Asian countries. In animal studies, ramosetron reduced defecation induced by corticotrophin-releasing hormone and had inhibitory effects on colonic nociception. In two randomized controlled studies including 957 patients with IBS-D, ramosetron increased monthly responder rates of patient-reported global assessment of IBS symptom relief compared with placebo. Ramosetron was also as effective as mebeverine in male patients with IBS-D. In a recent randomized controlled trial with 343 male patients with IBS-D, ramosetron has proved effective in improving stool consistency, relieving abdominal pain/discomfort, and improving health-related quality of life. Regarding safety, ramosetron is associated with a lower incidence of constipation compared with other 5-HT3 receptor antagonists and has not been associated with ischemic colitis.

Panipenem is a parenteral carbapenem antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of in vitro activity covering a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae and species producing β-lactamases. Panipenem is coadministered with betamipron (Carbenin, Daiichi Sankyo Company) to inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule and prevent nephrotoxicity. In large, randomised clinical trials, panipenem/betamipron demonstrated good clinical and bacteriological efficacy (similar to that of imipenem/cilastatin) in adults with respiratory tract or urinary tract infections.

Pheneturide ((brand names Benuride, Deturid, Pheneturid, Septotence, Trinuride), a decarboxylation product of phenobarbital, has been shown to be an effective drug against seizures, and in particular psychomotor seizures. It has being marketed in Europe, including in Poland, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Pheneturide is supplied in compressed tablets each containing 200 mg. of the drug. It can also be obtained in compound tablets (" trinuride ') each of which contain 200 mg. of pheneturide, 40 mg. of diphenylhydantoin, and 15 mg. of phenobarbitone. Animal experiments have shown that pheneturide protects against drug-induced and electrically induced convulsions.

Potassium myristate is a food additive. It is used as a binder, emulsifier and anticaking agent. Fatty acid salts are a type of anionic surfactant. Potassium myristate demonstrated long-lasting antibacterial activities against Streptococcus mutans.

This medicine promotes secretion of the bile and pancreatic juice, and accelerates flaccidity of the smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract (sphincter of hepatopancreatic ampulla etc.) to lower internal pressure of the gallbladder and bile duct. It improves the symptoms of the bile duct and pancreatic disease. It is usually used for improvement of cramp and bile secretion associated with cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, cholangitis, dyskinesia of the biliary tract or postcholecystectomy syndrome, or pain and gastrointestinal symptoms associated with chronic pancreatitis. Side effects are nausea, constipation, abdominal bloating, diarrhea, rash, itch, etc.

Zinc oleate is a zinc salt of oleic acid. It is a light tan color powder containing about 8.5-10.5% zinc. Zinc oleate may appear as bloom on the surface of oil or alkyd paints when it is formed by the reaction of oleic acid with zinc white pigment. Zinc oleate is also used as a drier in paints, resins and varnishes. GRAS.

Acotiamide (Acofide(®)), an oral first-in-class prokinetic drug, is under global development by Zeria Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd and Astellas Pharma Inc. for the treatment of patients with functional dyspepsia. The drug modulates upper gastrointestinal motility to alleviate abdominal symptoms resulting from hypomotility and delayed gastric emptying. It exerts its activity in the stomach via muscarinic receptor inhibition, resulting in enhanced acetylcholine release and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity. Acofide® is launched in Japan for treating functional dyspepsia.

Fudosteine is a derivative of cysteine developed and approved in Japan for the treatment of such diseases as bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, bronchiectasis, pulmonary tuberculosis, pneumoconiosis, atypical mycobacterial disease and diffuse panbronchiolitis. Fudosteine acts as a mucoactive agent, enabling mucin secretion. Although exact mechanism of action is unknown, it is supposed that fudosteine inhibits MUC5AC expression.

Etozolin is a diuretic used in Europe under the names Diulozin, Elkapin, Etopinil for the treatment of edema and hypertension. The exact mechanism of etozolin action is unknown. The current marketing status of the drug is unavailable and is supposed to be discontinued.