Cobaltous carbonate is used as a feed additive for ruminants, horses and rabbits (dietary cobalt is needed for vitamin B12 synthesis). Cobaltous carbonate has carcinogen, mutagen and reproduction toxicant properties. Cobaltous carbonate is a skin and eye irritant, and a dermal and respiratory sensitizer. Its dust is a hazard to persons handling the substance. Exposure by inhalation must be avoided.

Ethamsylate (2,5-dihydroxy-benzene-sulfonate diethylammonium salt) is a synthetic hemostatic drug indicated in cases of capillary bleeding. Ethamsylate acts on the first step of hemostasis by improving platelet adhesiveness and restoring capillary resistance. In addition it inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis. Well-controlled clinical trials clearly showed the therapeutic efficacy of ethamsylate in dysfunctional uterine bleeding, with the magnitude of blood-loss reduction being directly proportional to the severity of the menorrhagia. Other well-controlled clinical trials showed therapeutic efficacy of ethamsylate in periventricular hemorrhage in very low birth weight babies and surgical or postsurgical capillary bleeding.

Avenanthramides are a group of phenolic alkaloids found mainly in oats, but also in butterfly eggs (Pieris brassicae and Pieris rapae), and fungal infected carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus). Avenanthramides demonstrate anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-itch, anti-irritant, and antiatherogenic activities. Avenanthramide is considered the active component in a number of skin care products based on colloidal oatmeal; a traditional treatment which was approved by the FDA in 2003. Dietary supplementation with foods enriched in Avenantramides has been studied for the potential to reduce systemic inflammation. Avenanthramides have also been studied in cell models for osteoporosis and cancer.

Cobaltous chloride Co-60 is a gamma emitter used in nuclear medicine in the form of high specific activity sources. Co-60 brachytherapy is used to treat carcinoma of the uterine cervix, the second most common cancer in women and the most common cause of death in cancer patients in the developing countries. Co-60 high dose rate brachytherapy unit is a good choice especially for the centers with a small number of brachytherapy procedures. Co-60 demonstrates cost-favorability in Peru and may similarly in other locations.

Malvidin-3-O-glucoside is a polyphenolic anthocyanin. Anthocyanins are flavonoids widely distributed in fruits and vegetables that exhibit antioxidative and anti-inflammatory bioactivities. Among other polyphenolic components, malvidin-3-glucoside is present in ViNitrox™ a natural dietary supplement from apple and grape, it offers a number of exceptional sports nutrition properties including enhanced and lasting performance.

Asunaprevir is a direct acting antiviral agent (DAA) against the hepatitis C virus Asunaprevir is an inhibitor of the HCV NS3/4A serine protease complex. This NS3/4A enzyme complex is responsible for processing the HCV polyprotein to yield mature viral proteins required for viral replication. The combination of daclatasvir + asunaprevir [Daklinza(®) + Sunvepra(®)], two direct-acting antiviral agents, has been developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb for the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 infections, including those with compensated cirrhosis.

Pemafibrate (Parmodia®) is a novel, highly selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α modulator (SPPARM). It acts by binding to PPAR-α and regulating the expression of target genes that modulate lipid metabolism, thereby decreasing plasma triglyceride levels and increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Developed by Kowa Company, Ltd., oral pemafibrate has been approved in Japan for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia (including familial hyperlipidaemia). Pemafibrate is undergoing phase III development in a number of countries for the treatment of dyslipidaemias and is also in phase III development for the treatment of hypertriglyceridaemia.

Midecamycin diacetate (a derivative of Midecamycin) is reported as an ingredient of Miocamycin in Japan. Miocamycin is an orally administered 16-membered macrolide antimicrobial drug. It has a spectrum of in vitro activity similar to that of erythromycin, inhibiting a range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, atypical microbes and some anaerobes. Importantly, miocamycin demonstrates greater in vitro potency than erythromycin against several pathogens including Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Equally noteworthy is its activity against erythromycin-resistant staphylococcal and streptococcal species expressing inducible-type resistance. Miocamycin possesses poor overall activity against Haemophilus influenzae and is inactive against Enterobacteriaceae. Penetration of miocamycin into body tissues and fluids is both rapid and extensive. The 3 major metabolites of miocamycin possess antimicrobial activity and may contribute to the therapeutic efficacy of the drug. Clinical data indicate that miocamycin is useful in the treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in both adult and paediatric patients. Miocamycin is also effective in the treatment of urogenital tract infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis or U. urealyticum. Midecamycin binds reversibly to 50S ribosomal subunit causing blockade of transpeptidation/translocation reactions, inhibition of protein synthesis and thus inhibition of cell growth. Midecamycin diacetate is also known as MIOCAMEN, Merced Box of 8 sachets (900mg), Mosil, Myoxam.

Hydroquinine (Inhibin®) has been approved for marketing in the Netherlands for the treatment of nocturnal cramps when treatment with drugs is considered necessary. It is available in the Netherlands since March 1990 as an over-the-counter drug with a dose of 200 mg with the evening meal and a further 100 mg at bedtime for 14 days. Hydroquinine also has antimalarial and demelanizing activity. It might be used to lightens light brown color patches on skin, age spots, skin discolorations associated with pregnancy, skin trauma or taking birth control pills. Hydroquinine is used in skin lightening creams and lotions because it is an effective bleaching agent, slowing the production of the tyrosinase enzyme and reducing the amount of melanin formed.

Sucrosofate (sucrose octasulfate) is a class of organic compounds known as disaccharide sulfates carrying one or more sulfate group on a sugar unit. It is used to encapsulate some anticancer drugs in liposomes allowing for highly active formulations against solid tumors and immunotargeting to cancer-overexpressing cell surface receptors. ONIVYDE (liposomal irinotecan) for intravenous use encapsulates an aqueous space containing irinotecan in a gelated or precipitated state as the sucrose octasulfate salt was initially approved by FDA in 1996 for treatment of pancreatic cancer. Sucrose octasulfate (SOS), a chemical analogue of heparin, has been demonstrated to activate fibroblast growth factors signalling pathways and SOS-mediated dimerization of FGF1 was observed. SOS can suppress thrombin generation in plasma that suggests a potential for oversulfated disaccharides in controlling heparin cofactor II -regulated thrombin generation.