Phenylacetate is the ester of a phenol and acetic acid. It is a metabolite of anticancer drug phenylbutyrate (PB), natural neurotransmitter phenylethylamine. Naturally, it is an odorant found in strawberries, passion fruit, and black tea. Phenylacetate level in urine was used as a marker for the diagnosis of some forms of unipolar major depressive disorders. Phenylacetate is used as a tool substrate to study esterase activity in the blood of patients in clinical studies of the effect of nutritional supplements on paraoxonase-1 levels.

Diotyrosine I 125 is the diagnostic aid.

Dexoxadrol is a sigma receptor agonist. Dexoxadrol, the D-isomer of dioxodrol, which produces PCP-like behavioural effects and displaces bound [3H]PCP, was a potent blocker of the PCP-sensitive, voltage-gated K+ channel. Dexoxadrol was developed as analgesics for use in humans, however, severe side effects including psychotomimetic effects, unpleasant dreams and aberrations stopped the clinical evaluation of dexoxadrol. Dexoxadrol is a NMDA receptor antagonist, which possesses high affinity to the phencyclidine binding site within the NMDA receptor associated ion channel.

Chlormerodrin HG-203 is chlormerodrin containing the radioactive isotope hydrargyrum-203. It was formerly used as a diagnostic aid in determination of renal function.

Medazomide (medazonamide) is an antitussive drug.

Arecoline is a natural alkaloid and is an effective constituent of Areca catechu L. (Arecaceae) with various pharmacological activities including effects on nervous, cardiovascular, digestive and endocrine systems and anti-parasitic effects. Antinociception of arecoline is mediated by the activation of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. It was found that this compound leads to oral submucosal fibrosis and oral cancer. Lung cancer is a severe type of carcinoma with high cell motility that is difficult to treat. As a result, further studies are needed to reduce or eliminate the toxicity of the compound before developing into a new drug.

KETHOXAL, a butanone derivative, has antiviral and anaplasmosis properties. It reacts with guanine to create a stable covalent adduct. KETHOXAL interacts with 30S ribosomal subunits yielding inactive ribosomes.

Dithiothreitol is a chemical reagent with a wide actuation spectrum not only from a laboratorial view but also from a therapeutic standpoint, more clinical and practical. DTT (i) is frequently used in a variety of experiences that involve proteins or peptides, protecting sulfhydryl groups from oxidation and reducing disulfide bonds between cysteines; (ii) is also used in the study of disulfide exchange reactions of protein disulfides; (iii) is able to keep glutathione in the reduced state; (iv) acts as an "antidote" enabling the activity of detoxification systems; (v) participates in cellular mechanisms such as vesiculation, cell morphology, signal transduction pathways (hormone-'like' role), etc.; (vi) can be used in the treatment approach of diseases like cystinosis or medical conditions resulting from ion or metal toxicity. DTT is as a reducing or "deprotecting" agent. DTT protects notably enzyme activity loss by the oxidation of sulfhydryl groups. The DTT removal is performed by standard desalting.procedures (dialysis, gelfiltration). As an antioxidant, it is used as a protective agent against ionizing radiations in living cells. It has been used to enhance or inhibit enzymes or receptors activity.

Soneclosan is an antimicrobial agent.

Clorgiline is a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor. Specifically, it is an irreversible and selective inhibitor of MAO-A. Clorgiline was under investigation for antidepressant and anxiolytic potential but has never been marketed, likely due to efficacy concerns. It continues to see routine use as a molecular probe in biomedical research examining a number of neurological disease and cancer models. In addition to inhibiting the MAO-A receptor, it has also been found to bind to the sigma1 receptor, and with high affinity to the I2 imidazoline receptor.