Monatepil is a calcium antagonist that, as do existing calcium antagonists, inhibits the influx of extracellular Ca 2 + through voltage-dependent Ca 2 + channels. It is a new type of antihypertensive agent. Its unique chemical structure was specially designed with intrinsic calcium antagonist and a1 -adrenoceptor-blocking moieties, creating a dual mechanism of action. Positive effects on plasma lipid metabolism are derived from the a1 -adrenoceptor-blocking activity and the antiatherosclerotic effect derives from the calcium antagonist properties. The novel structure of monatepil produces a slow onset of action and a long-lasting antihypertensive effect in experimental animals.

Mefexamide is a psychostimulant. It was studied in the treatment of depression, asthenia and parkinsonism.

Traxoprodil (CP-101,606) is a potent, selective N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NR2B subunit) antagonist under development by Pfizer for its potential as a neuroprotectant in head injury and neurodegenerative disease. It is in phase II trials in the US and in phase I in Japan for the potential treatment of head injury, such as, Depressive Disorder, Major and Parkinson's Disease. CP-101,606 does not protect against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in cultured cerebellar neurons, up to a dose of 10 uM. These results are consistent with CP-101,606 being a potent NMDA antagonist, selective for the type of NMDA receptor associated with the hippocampus. Some further investigation revealed that CP-101,606 was associated with a dose-related dissociation and amnesia. These results support the hypothesis that glutamate antagonists may be useful antidyskinetic agents. However, future studies will have to determine if the benefits of dyskinesia suppression can be achieved without adverse cognitive effects.

Tifurac is a benzofuranacetic acid derivative patented by Syntex, Inc. as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic agent. In preclinical models, Tifurac can exert anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity in rat paw edema assay and mouse writhing assay.

Tiapamil (also known as Ro 11-1781) is a dithiane derivative patented by Hoffmann-La Roche, F., und Co., A.-G. as calcium-channel antagonist useful for myocardial infarction treatment. Tiapamil, like verapamil, inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner Ca2+-induced contractions in isolated, K+-depolarized preparations of rat renal artery, dog coronary artery and rabbit main pulmonary artery. The inhibitory effects of Tiapamil can be overcome by raising the Ca2+ concentration of the bath fluid. In the rabbit main pulmonary artery, Tiapamil reduces 45Ca influx into the K+-depolarized vascular smooth muscle cells. Tiapamil inhibits the slow potentials in partially depolarized guinea-pig papillary muscles. Tiapamil decreases contractile force in isolated guinea-pig atria and papillary muscles, as well as in isolated cat hearts. Tiapamil also reduces heart rate and increases coronary flow in these preparations. Tiapamil doubled coronary artery blood flow in the coronary sinus blood without producing major changes in blood pressure and heart rate in anesthetized dogs. Tiapamil did not affect contractions of isolated guinea-pig ileum, rat stomach strips or rat vas deferens in response to various stimulants. Tiapamil have no major effects on renal water and electrolyte excretion, on autonomic nerves and receptors, on pain perception and on the central nervous system. Acute, subacute, and chronic toxicity studies demonstrate low toxicity for Tiapamil with no tendency for accumulation. In clinical trials, Tiapamil effectively lowers systolic and diastolic blood pressure, but have no effects on heart rate

Phosphorylcholine (ChoP) is a small zwitterionic amino alcohol, which is composed of a negatively charged phosphate bonded to a small, positively charged choline group. Phosphorylcholine is the precursor metabolite of choline in the glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism pathways and in intermediate between choline and cytidine-diphosphate choline in the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway. Phosphorylcholine is an interesting compound from an immunologic point of view, being an immunodominant determinant of pneumococcal teichoic acids and also a major prerequisite for proinflammatory effects of PAF and PAF-like lipids where PC is a common denominator. PC is also a component of some bacteria, apoptotic cells, and OxLDL, which, if exposed, is immunogenic. PC has several properties that could in principle both promote and protect against disease, depending on the pathogen and type of inflammatory reaction. In the field of interventional cardiology, phosphorylcholine is used as a synthetic polymer-based coating, applied to drug-eluting stents, to prevent the occurrence of coronary artery restenosis. To date, more than 120,000 Phosphorylcholine-coated stents have been implanted in patients with no apparent deleterious effect in the long term compared to bare metal stent technologies

Atropine-N-oxide hydrochloride is an alkaloid of the belladonna plants. It is the major metabolite of atropine. It is a competitive nonselective antagonist at central and peripheral muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.

Temiverine was developed as an antimuscarinic and calcium-antagonist agent for the treatment of overactive bladder. Temiverine participated in clinical trials; however, the development of the drug was discontinued on the pre-registration stage.

Brifentanii, a potent narcotic analgesic structurally similar to alfentanil, that was studied in clinical trials in the early 1990s. The effects of brifentanil are very similar to those of alfentanil, with strong but short lasting analgesia and sedation, and particularly notable itching and respiratory depression. Side effects of Brifentanii are similar to those of fentanyl itself, which include itching, nausea and potentially serious respiratory depression, which can be life-threatening.

Carotegrast is phenylalanine derivative patented by pharmaceutical company Ajinomoto Co. for the treatment or prevention of inflammatory disease states related to the α4 integrin-dependent adhesion process. In preclinical studies, Carotegrast shows pharmacological activity in rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.