CAPNOIDINE an alkaloid found in the climbing fumitory. CAPNOIDINE shows no antiplasmodial in K1CB1 a multidrug resistant P. falciparum strain and in TM4/8.2, a wild type chloroquine and antifolate sensitive P. falciparum strain

a-Acetylbutyrolacone was used as an intermediate for the development of the non-nucleoside human immunodeficiency virus inhibitors and for the synthesis of antitumor agent which has thymidylate synthase (TS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) properties. Moreover, it has been characterized for use as a fluorogenic reagent for the spectrofluorimetric determination of primary amines.

Afzelechin is a flavonoid, which can be found in Bergenia ligulata.

(R)-Carteolol is an enantiomer of the drug carteolol that is used to treat glaucoma. (R)-Carteolol is a partial agonist with the high affinity to the beta-adrenoceptors. It was shown, that in the treatment of glaucoma, the therapeutic advantage of the R(+)-isomers is similar to the S(-)-isomers and there is no stereoselectivity between the two enantiomers.

(S)-Carteolol is an enantiomer of the racemic drug carteolol, that is used to treat glaucoma. (S) isomer is a partial agonist with the high affinity to the beta-adrenoceptors. It was shown, that in the treatment of glaucoma, the therapeutic advantage of the R(+)-isomers is similar to the S(-)-isomers and there is no stereo-selectivity between the two enantiomers.

UR-144 N-pentanoic acid is a potent synthetic cannabinoid designed by Abbott Laboratories as a CB2 selective agonist for pain management. UR-144 N-pentanoic acid is a metabolite of another CB2-selective cannabinoid UR-144. Pre-clinical studies of nociceptive and neuropathic pain have shown that CB2-selective ligands are analgesics without causing the adverse side effects linked with CB1 receptor activation. However, nor UR-144 nor UR-144 N-pentanoic acid has no therapeutic application.

Mephenytoin, (+)- is an (S)-enantiomer of anticonvulsant drug mephenytoin. Mephenytoin is usually administrated as a 1:1 racemic mixture of the (R)- and (S)-enantiomers. The marked stereoselectivity of 4’-hydroxylation of the phenyl ring of S-mephenytoin together with the relatively slow N-demethylation to R-PEH (R-5-phenyl-5-ethylhydantom) and even slower renal clearance results in a dramatic difference in the pharmacokinetic disposition of the S- and R-enantiomers of mephenytoin in man. As a consequence, S-mephenytoin provides a negligible contribution to circulating hydantoins, whereas R-mephenytoin is converted to the pharmacologically active demethylated product R-PEH which is the major circulating hydantoin during chronic administration of the racemic drug. Only the 4’-hydroxylation of the (S)-mephenytoin is absent in patents who are poor metabolizers of mephenytoin. It is not clear as to the clinical consequences of the accumulation of (S)-mephenytoin for the poor metabolizer phenotype. Indeed, it may be the extensive metabolizer who is at great risk of adverse effects by the formation of potentially toxic oxidative metabolites of (S)-mephenytoin.

Thiazolyl Blue is a membrane-permeable yellow dye that is reduced by mitochondrial reductases in living cells to form the dark blue product. The net positive charge on Thiazolyl Blue appears to be the predominant factor involved in their cellular uptake via the plasma membrane potential. Thiazolyl Blue is used as a direct indicator of cytotoxicity (such as for screening cancer drugs), proliferation and apoptosis. Thiazolyl Blue is also an electron acceptor used for studying NADP-dependent dehydrogenases. Thiazolyl Blue reduction is associated not only with mitochondria, but also with the cytoplasm and with nonmitochondrial membranes including the endosome/lysosome compartment and the plasma membrane. Biological Applications: cell viability assay; microbial growth assays; DNA quantification assays; tissue viability assays; detecting enzymes; measuring membrane potential; treating Alzheimer’s disease, asthma, cancer. Because Thiazolyl Blue forms an insoluble formazan it has usually been applied in endpoint assays.

R(+)-UH-301 is a potent and selective 5-HT1A serotonin receptor agonist and works as an antinociceptive agent. In the experiments on rats were shown, that R(+)-UH-301 significantly decrease formalin-induced flinching.

A-836339 is a drug that acts as a cannabinoid CB2 receptor-selective agonist; exhibits high potencies at CB(2) and selectivity over CB(1) receptor. It showed analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic effects at low doses. A-836339 was detected in a certain product in Japan and was suggested to be for human consumption.