Dimpylate (diazinon) is a nonsystemic organophosphate insecticide, an inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) in cholinergic synapses and neuromuscular junctions. This results in abnormal accumulation of ACh in the nervous system. Dimpylate was first registered for use in the USA in 1956. It was developed as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematicide for use on a variety of pests for control of soil insects and pests of fruit, vegetables, and forage and field crops. It had been used extensively in home and garden applications, in formulations designed to prevent such pests as crickets or cockroaches from infesting homes or offices, and in pet collars. Due to the emerging health and ecological risks posed by diazinon, manufacturers agreed to phase out and cancel all residential products. Manufacturing of indoor use products containing dimpylatewas discontinued in 2001; manufacture of non-agricultural outdoor use products containing dimpylate was discontinued in 2003.

Tetroquinone (Tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone, tetrahydroxy-p-benzoquinone, tetrahydroxybenzoquinone) is cyclohexadiene derivative with four hydroxyl groups and two ketone groups in opposite (para) positions, with potent prooxidant activity. The exposure of exponentially growing cultures to Tetroquinone, in the presence of Ca2+, caused a dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth and DNA synthesis. The chemical reactivity of Tetroquinone is strongly similar to those of physiological polyphenols, such as catechols and catecholamines. Despite their physiological and pharmacological roles, these compounds may, in addition, present toxicological properties due to their ability to autoxidize generating ROS and quinones Similar to catechols, the OH-substituents confer to Tetroquinone the ability to autoxidize readily in neutral aqueous solutions generating intermediate superoxide anion radicals, semiquinone radicals, and the corresponding quinone. The compound can be synthesized from glyoxal or from myo-inositol (phytic acid), a natural compound widely present in plants.

Hydroxystenozole is an orally active anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) that was described in the literature in 1967 but was never marketed.

Rose Bengal lactone is a polyhalogenated derivative of Fluorescein. Rose Bengal lactone is a dye compound described to produce cell membrane damage. Rose Bengal lactone and other Fluorescein derivatives are also described to modulate the function of ATP-sensitive K+ channels. Rose bengal lactone reacts readily with bases so treatment with triethylamine immediately yields the Rose Bengal salt.

Puromycin dihydrochloride belongs to the aminonucleoside family of antibiotics and is isolated from Streptomyces alboniger. Since the partial structure of this antibiotic showed it to be a purine derivative, puromycin was assigned as its generic name. Puromycin is a broad spectrum antibiotic and antibacterial agent. It is active against Gram-positive microorganisms, less active against acid-fast bacilli, and weakly active against Gram-negative microorganisms. It acts very quickly and can kill 99% of the cells within 2 days. It also exhibits antitumor activity in studies on brain tumor cells. Puromycin is a protein synthesis inhibitor that causes premature chain termination by acting as an analog of the 3’-terminal end of aminoacyl-tRNA. It has been used to study transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that control the sequential and coordinate expression of genes during cell differentiation.

Picolylamine (PA), a derivatizing agent displaying a highly ESI-active pyridyl group that reacts with carboxylic acids in the presence of a condensation agent to form an amide derivative. Picolylamine is used as a derivatization reagent for the detection of endogenous carboxylic acids.

Biologically, methanogens in the colon can use carbon dioxide and hydrogen to produce methane as a by-product. It was previously considered that humans do not utilize methane. However, in a recent study on rodents, results demonstrated that methane could exert anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic effects. Furthermore, it has bee suggested, that methane-rich saline could be a promising therapeutic agent for clinical treatment of pancreatitis. Methane gas may also be a promising option for the clinical treatment of Acute Lung Injury and Spinal Cord Injury. The exact mechanism underlying the antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities of methane is not obvious. Different researchers have proposed different hypotheses. Some have hypothesized that methane might accumulate transiently at the interfaces of cell membranes, thereby changing the physicochemical properties or the in-situ functionality of proteins embedded within this environment. Other investigators have suggested that methane could exert effects on membrane channels affecting G-proteins, membrane or receptor-mediated signaling, or acetylcholine-activated ion channel kinetics. It is unknown if mammalian cells contain an oxygenase that is capable of using methane as a substrate, or if the biological effects of methane are caused by the formation of small amounts of the reactive alcohol, methanol, and/or changes in the redox milieu of the cell due to changes in NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H ratio, and whether or not there is a cellular “receptor” for methane. There are also questions remaining around the difference between intraperitoneal vs inhaled administration of methane.

Nifuraldezone is an antibacterial compound. It completely mimics the radiosensitizing effect of molecular oxygen in hypoxic mammalian cells in vitro at concentrations in tissue culture medium which showed no measurable acute toxicity.

Dinsed is a coccidiostat used in poultry to stop the growth of coccidian parasites.

Captamine is ethanethiol derivative that has been studied as the chelating and radioprotective agent. Captamine, a potent duodenal ulcerogenic, stimulates gastric acid and gastrin secretion and decreases immunoreactive somatostatin (IRS) from the gut and hypothalamus of the rat.