Armodafinil is the R-enantiomer of modafinil, a wake-promoting agent, that primarily affects areas of the brain involved in controlling wakefulness. Armodafinil is an indirect dopamine receptor agonist; both armodafinil and modafinil bind in vitro to the dopamine transporter and inhibit dopamine reuptake. Armodafinil tablets are indicated to improve wakefulness in adult patients with excessive sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), narcolepsy, or shift work disorder (SWD). Once-daily armodafinil was generally well tolerated in adult patients with excessive sleepiness associated with OSA (despite treatment of the underlying condition), narcolepsy or SWSD.

A sulfide ion is composed of a lone sulfur atom. Its charge is negative two, giving sulfides this formula: S^2-. Sulfide is a strong base, so solutions of sulfide in water are basic, due to hydrolysis. One well-known ionic compound with a sulfide ion is H_2S. The infamous rotten-egg smell often associated with sulfur originates from this compound. Sodium sulfide nonahydrate is used in the formation of surface functionalized cadmium sulfide quantum dots.

Chloralose (alpha-Chloralose, 1,2-O-(2,2,2-Trichloroethylidene)-α-D-glucofuranose) is an avicide, and a rodenticide commonly used for the control of mice and birds. Since its initial description in 1893, alpha-chloralose has undergone extensive pharmacologic evaluation. It has been characterized as a compound possessing potent CNS activity and has been evaluated in humans and animal models for its therapeutic properties. Though the toxicity of the compound prohibits its use as a human therapeutic agent, it has been employed widely as an animal anesthetic in the laboratory setting. α-Chloralose is widely used as an anesthetic in studies of the cerebrovasculature because of its presumed minimal depression of autonomic function. α-Chloralose acts as the positive allosteric modulator of GABA-A receptor and increases the affinity for GABA 5-fold and produced a small increase in the efficacy of GABA. Studies of α-Chloralose interactions with other allosteric modulators determined that α-Chloralose binds to a site on the GABAA receptor complex distinct from the benzodiazepine, neurosteroid and barbiturate sites.

ATC-0175 is a potent antagonist with a high affinity for MCH1R and additional affinities for 5-HT1A and 5-HT2B receptors. The receptor binding and the functional assay (MCH-induced increase in [Ca2+]i) indicated that ATC0175 is a noncompetitive antagonist at MCH1Rs. ATC-0175 exhibited anxiolytic effects in numerous animal models of anxiety including the elevated plus-maze test, social interaction test, stress-induced hyperthermia and maternal separation-induced vocalization. ATC-0175 also exhibited antidepressant effects in the forced swimming test. ATC-0175 increased swimming performance without altering climbing behavior, as observed with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. ATC0175 has adequate ADME profile (reasonable oral bioavailability and brain penetration) and potent oral activity in animal models. In contrast, ATC-0175 did not affect spontaneous locomotor activity, hexobarbital-induced sleeping time and did not impair rotarod performance. Thus, ATC-0175 may be devoid of unwanted central nervous system side effects, which are sometimes observed with current medications. ATC-0175 has the potential to be effective in the treatment of patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders.

Talbutal is a short to intermediate-acting barbiturate, which had been used under brand name Latusate as a sedative and hypnotic, but then this usage was discontinued. It was found, that talbutal binds at a distinct binding site at the GABAA receptor, increasing the duration of time for which the Cl- ionopore is open. Thus, the post-synaptic inhibitory effect of GABA in the thalamus is, therefore, prolonged.

Melperone is an antipsychotic drug which is used in Europe for the treatment of sleep disorders, agitation and confusion states. The exact mechanism of melperone action is unknown.

(+)-modafinil is an enantiomer of modafinil, a wake-promoting agent, that primarily affects areas of the brain involved in controlling wakefulness. (+)-enantiomer of modafinil was clarified to be S-configuration. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions. Both modafinil enantiomers bind in vitro to the dopamine transporter and inhibit dopamine reuptake with the R- slightly more potent than the S-enantiomer. As a component of racemic mixture (+)-modafinil is indicated to improve wakefulness in adult patients with excessive sleepiness associated with narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome, and shift work sleep disorder.

Phenibut (beta-phenyl-gamma-aminobutyric acid or 4-amino-3-phenylbutyric acid) is a neuropsychotropic drug that was discovered and introduced into clinical practice in Russia in the 1960s. It has anxiolytic and nootropic (cognition enhancing) effects. It acts as a GABA-mimetic, primarily at GABA(B) receptors. Pharmacological activity of racemic phenibut relies on R-phenibut and this correlates to the binding affinity of enantiomers of phenibut to the GABAB receptor. In addition R-phenibut binds to the α2-δ subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels. It is highly effective in treating anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, asthenia, insomnia, alcoholism, stuttering, and vestibular disorders. It also improves mental performance (attention, memory, speed and accuracy of sensory-motor reactions), physical performance, reduces sleep disorders as well as movement and speech disorders.

Gidazepam (also known as hydazepam or hidazepam) is an anxiolytic and atypical benzodiazepine derivative, developed in the Soviet Union and used to treat the nervous system diseases. Interacts with benzodiazepine receptors, increases the sensitivity of GABA receptors to the mediator, increases the inhibitory effect of GABA in the central nervous system. Reduces the excitability of the subcortical structures of the brain, inhibits polysynaptic spinal reflexes. Reduces emotional tension, fear, anxiety. It has an activating effect, vegetostabilizing properties, mildly relaxed and relaxing substance. Virtually does not affect the productive symptoms of psychotic genesis (acute delusional, hallucinatory, affective disorders), there is rarely a decrease in affective tension. There is evidence of a positive effect on the cardiovascular system of patients with a neurological condition and in healthy people in stressful situations.

Phenazepam belongs to the 1,4-benzodiazepines, the same family of medicines to which diazepam, oxazepam and temazepam belong. Phenazepam was first synthesized and developed in 1975 in the former Soviet Union where it became one of the most prescribed benzodiazepines since 1978 to treat sleep disorder, anxiety, alcohol use disorder and epilepsy. Phenazepam has not been licensed elsewhere in the world. The actions of phenazepam are mediated by the GABAA-receptor and reversed by the selective benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil. In vitro, phenazepam and its metabolite 3-hydroxyphenazepam potentiate GABA responses with EC50-values of 6.1 nM and 10.3 nM, respectively, comparable to the value of 13.5 nM for diazepam. In vivo, phenazepam induces pronounced myorelaxation in the rotarod test with an ED50-value of 2.48 (1.65-3.72) mg/kg, and at 10 mg/kg it decreases punished responding in the conflict test (conflict between drinking motivation and painful electrical stimuli). Phenazepam increases the duration of sleep induced by hexanal several fold and is in this respect superior to diazepam. Both phenazepam and 3-hydroxyphenazepam are full GABAA receptor agonists.