Napelline is a diterpenoid alkaloid, from plants of the Aconitum genus, Ranunculaceae. It is a potent antiarrhythmic of class I with weak hypotensive and N-cholinoblocking effects. Napelline has analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. Napelline has a stronger antiarrhythmic activity than Quinidine or Procaïnamide. 10(-4) - 10(-5) M block inward Na+ currents

Ricinine is an alkaloid originally isolated from the Ricinus communis, or castor-oil plant. Ricinine can be found in all parts of the plant and it is a quite strong insecticide. The castor seeds contain approximately 0.2% of the alkaloid. Ricinine or 3-cyano-4-methoxy-N-methyl-2-pyridone (CAS 524-40-3) belongs to the group of piperidine alkaloids. Ricinine is a useful scaffold for the synthesis of new antimicrobial and antiquorum-sensing derivatives in spite of its poor contribution to the antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts. Ricinine activated the Wnt signaling pathway by inhibiting casein kinase 1α. Ricinine-elicited seizures as a novel chemical model of convulsive seizure.

Dihydromethysticin is one of the six major kavalactones found in the roots of kava plant. Dihydromethysticin was found to be very effective in producing analgesia in the tail immersion test. Dihydromethysticin kavalactone induces apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells through modulation of PI3K/Akt pathway, disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential and inducing cell cycle arrest. Dihydromethysticin was identified as a promising lung cancer chemopreventive agent. Low concentrations of the kavalactone (+)-dihydromethysticin enhanced the binding of ligands to the GABAA receptors on freeze-dried rat cortex preparations.

Quillaic acid (Quillaja sapogenin) is the major aglycone of the widely studied saponins of the Chilean indigenous tree Quillaja saponaria Mol. Quillaja saponaria bark contains a high percentage of triterpene saponins and has been used for centuries as a cleansing and analgesic agent in Chilean folk medicine. Quillaic acid shows potent antiproliferative activity against different cancer cell lines. Quillaic acid elicit dose-dependent antinociceptive effects in two murine thermal models. Quillaic acid exhibited strong topical anti-inflammatory activity in different animal models.

SKF-91488 is a noncompetitive inhibitor of histamine-N-methyltransferase. It modulates the effects of exogenous histamine and endogenously released histamine induced by antigen challenge on plasma extravasation in the airway in guinea pigs in vivo. SKF-91488 raised dose-dependently the pain threshold in rodent antinociception tests. Endogenous central histamine, after SKF 91488 treatment, via activation of H, receptors produces reversal of hypotension, with improvement in the survival rate at 2 h after treatment, in rats subjected to critical haemorrhagic hypovolaemia.

Isosakuranetin is a citrus fruit flavanone. It is a TRPM3 channel blocker and CYP1 enzyme isoforms inhibitor. It is a strong candidate, as chemopreventive food ingredient against CYP1B1-related carcinogenesis. Isosakuranetin may be useful in treating neuropathic pain without body temperature increase. Isosakuranetin attenuated ethanol-induced gastritis by inhibiting the infiltration of immune cells, including neutrophils, via the regulation of CXCL4 (or IL-8) secretion and the activation NF-κB.

Methysticin is a kavalactone originally found in Piper methysticum (kava plant). Methysticin exhibits neuroprotective, neuromodulatory, and antifungal activities. Methysticin may also display anti-inflammatory benefit, inhibiting activation of NF-κB in lung adenocarcinoma tissue. Methysticin activates Nrf2 in neurons and astroglia, protecting against amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity. This compound displays antimicrobial efficacy against species of Fusarium, Trichoderma, and Colletotrichum. Additionally, methysticin inhibits peak amplitude of voltage-gated Na+ channels in hippocampal neurons. Methysticin administration activates the Nrf2 pathway and reduces neuroinflammation, hippocampal oxidative damage and memory loss in a mouse model of AD. Therefore, kavalactones might be suitable candidates to serve as lead compounds for the development of a new class of neuroprotective drugs.

Myricitrin is a naturally occurring polyphenol hydroxy flavonoid. Myricitrin has a variety of beneficial properties, such as antiviral, antimicrobial, antinociceptive, and anticarcinogenic activities. In particular, myricitrin possesses stronger oxidative resistance and free radical scavenging activity than other flavonol rhamnosides or quercetin. Myricitrin showed antipsychotic-like effects in animal models at doses that did not induce catalepsy or alter locomotor activity, suggesting that myricitrin may be a potential drug treatment for the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

Pellitorine is a major amide alkaloid, isolated from Piper longum, Zanthoxylum piperitum or heitzii, Anacyclus pyrethrum, Piper nigrum. Pellitorine can serve as an antagonist of the TRPV1 and may inhibit exovanilloid-induced pain. It exhibits anti-inflammatory activity via activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Pellitorine shows a good gut permeation and rapidly permeates the BBB once in the blood, indicating a possible role in the treatment of central nervous system diseases. Pellitorine, which was isolated from the roots of Piper nigrum, showed strong cytotoxic activities against HL60 and MCT-7 cancer cell lines. The drug possesses antithrombotic activities and offers bases for development of a novel anticoagulant.

Morphinone is an oxidation product of morphine with weak agonistic activity toward mu opioid receptor. Morphinone is the intermediate when morphine is being converted to hydromorphone. Morphinone is toxic compound, subcutaneous administration of morphinone produced a reduction of hepatic non-protein sulfhydryl concentration. Glutathione or cysteine significantly decrease Morphinone toxicity.