Oleic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. Oleic acid occurs naturally in various animal and vegetable fats and oils. It is a component of the normal human diet as a part of animal fats and vegetable oils. Oleic acid may be responsible for the hypotensive (blood pressure reducing) effects of olive oil. Oleic acid has being shown to have a potential anticancer activity.

Hesperidin is a flavanone glycoside found in citrus fruits. Its aglycone form is called hesperetin. Its name is derived from the word "hesperidium", for fruit produced by citrus trees. Hesperidin was first isolated in 1828 by French chemist Lebreton from the white inner layer of citrus peels (mesocarp, albedo). As a flavanone found in citrus fruits (such as oranges, lemons or pummelo fruits), hesperidin is under laboratory research for possible biological properties. One area of research is focused on the possible chemopreventive effects of hesperidin, but there is no current proof that hesperidin has this role in human cancer mechanisms. Hesperidin was effective in an animal model of Alzheimer's, alleviating pathological changes induced by aluminum. Early research suggests that taking one tablet of a specific product (Daflon 500, Les Laboratoires Servier) containing hesperidin and diosmin by mouth for 45 days decreases blood sugar levels and improves blood sugarcontrol in women with type 2 diabetes. For Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): early research suggests that drinking a beverage containing alpha-glucosyl hesperidin for 12 weeks improves symptoms of RA. Orally, hesperidin can cause gastrointestinal side effects, including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and gastritis. Headache can also occur in some patients. The possible anti-inflammatory action of hesperidin is probably due to the possible anti-inflammatory action of its aglycone hesperetin. Hesperetin appears to interfere with the metabolism of arachidonic acid as well as with histamine release. Hesperetin appears to inhibit phospholipase A2, lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase. There is evidence that hesperetin inhibits histamine release from mast cells, which would account for the possible anti-allergic activity of hesperidin. The possible hypolipidemic effect of hesperidin is probably due to hesperetin's possible action in lipid lowering. Hesperetin may reduce plasma cholesterol levels by inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase, as well as acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acytransferase (ACAT). Inhibition of these enzymes by hesperetin has been demonstrated in rats fed a high cholesterol diet. The mechanism of hesperidin's possible vasoprotective action is unclear. Animal studies have shown that hesperidin decreases microvascular permeability. Hesperidin, itself or via hesperetin, may protect endothelial cells from hypoxia by stimulating certain mitochondrial enzymes, such as succinate dehydrogenase. The mechanism of hesperidin's possible anticarcinogenic action is also unclear. One explanation may be the inhibition of polyamine synthesis. Inhibition of lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase is another possibility.

4-Methylaminorex is a stimulant drug, synthesized by McNeil Laboratories as an appetite suppressant. Its development was discontinued in favor of aminorex, which was withdrawn from the market when its use was linked with the development of fatal pulmonary hypertension. 4-Methylaminorex exists as four stereoisomers (±)-cis and (±)-trans. In neurochemical and behavioral studies trans-4S,5S-isomer was the most potent isomer followed by the equally effective cis-isomers, whereas trans-4R,5R-isomer was relatively ineffective. The racemic cis-4-methylaminorex has been reported to be the most frequently encountered form in illicit samples The drug is known under street names "U4Euh" or "Ice", is used a a stimulant and is classified as a schedule I substance. Neurochemical data suggest that behavioral effects of the isomers of 4-methylaminorex are related to drug-induced dopamine release.

Butyric acid (butanoic acid) belongs to a group of short-chain fatty acids and is thought to play several beneficial roles in the gastrointestinal tract. The butyric anion is easily absorbed by enteric cells and used as a main source of energy. Moreover, butyric acid is an important regulator of colonocyte proliferation and apoptosis, gastrointestinal tract motility and bacterial microflora composition in addition to its involvement in many other processes including immunoregulation and anti-inflammatory activity. Butyric acid shows a protective effect in inflammatory response secondary to inflammatory bowel diseases. A beneficial effect of butyric acid as one constituent of a multifaceted mechanism modulating gastrointestinal function has also been stressed in patients with the stoma and coexisting constipation. Butyric acid supplementation combined with the use of probiotics should be adopted as one of the basic therapeutic strategies in this patient group, preceding treatment with laxatives. Sodium butyrate in the form of enemas (combined in a mixture with A-300 silicon dioxide) may be a successful method of therapeutic management in patients with radiation proctitis. Sodium butyrate may also prevent diarrhea through an increased passive absorption of water in the colon and its effects on the gut microflora.

Cinnamic acid is a polyphenol found in cinnamon oil and used in commercial flavorings. Recent studies have shown the pharmacological properties of cinnamic acid and its derivatives, including hepatoprotective, anti-oxidant, and anti-diabetic activities. In preclinical studies cinnamic acid demonstrated to be a promising candidate for the treatment ob obesity and diabetes. The mechanism of action of cinnamic acid in obesity is explained by its ability to inhibit lipases and ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme). However, there are several hypotesis regarding the effect of cinnamic acid in diabetes: cinnamic acid enhances glucose-induced insulin secretion, prevents palmitic acid-induced lipotoxicity, inhibits palmitic acid-induced alteration of lipogenic gene and protein expression (AMPK, SREBP-1c, FAS, ACC), inhibits DPP IV, exhibits an additive effect on the uptake of glucose, stimulates adiponectin secretion, etc.

1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)decan-3-one (Paradol, 6-paradol ), a major constituent of A. melegueta seeds, exhibited potent proliferative and ossification characteristics in bone cells. It enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity and vitamin D content and decreased the osteoporotic marker acid phosphatase. Paradol enhanced the expression of osteocyte and osteoblast-related genes and inhibited osteoclast and RUNX suppressor genes. Paradols are unsaturated ketones produced by biotransformation of shogaols in gingers. Among them, 6-paradol has been investigated as a new drug candidate due to its anti-inflammatory, apoptotic, and neuroprotective activities. 6-paradol exhibited a significant glucose-lowering effect and decreased body weight. 6-paradol possesses good anti-hyperglycemic activity, therefore it may serve as a novel target for the development of anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic functional food. 6-paradol effectively protects brain after cerebral ischemia, likely by attenuating neuroinflammation in microglia, suggesting it as a potential therapeutic agent to treat cerebral ischemia.

Keracyanin (antirrhinin) is the pigment originally isolated from the fruit of the cherry. The compound exerts potent antioxidant properties. It is able to inhibit host- and bacteria-derived proteinases. Dietary supplementation with purified keracyanin suppresses body weight gain in high-fat diet fed mice.

Squalene is a naturally occurring polyprenyl compound primarily known for its key role as an intermediate in cholesterol synthesis. It received its name because of its occurrence in shark liver oil (Squalus spp.), which contains large quantities and is considered the richest source of squalene. However, it is widely distributed in nature, with reasonable amounts found in olive oil, palm oil, wheat-germ oil, amaranth oil, and rice bran oil. The primary therapeutic use of squalene currently is as an adjunctive therapy in a variety of cancers. Although epidemiological, experimental and animal evidence suggests anti-cancer properties, to date no human trials have been conducted to verify the role this nutrient might have in cancer therapy regimens.

Acesulfame is a non-nutritive sweetener Acesulfame potassium is a calorie-free artificial sweetener, also known as Acesulfame K or Ace K (K being the symbol for potassium), and marketed under the trade names Sunett and Sweet One. In the European Union, it is known under the E number (additive code) E950. It was discovered accidentally in 1967 by German chemist Karl Clauss at Hoechst AG (now Nutrinova). In chemical structure, acesulfame potassium is the potassium salt of 6-methyl-1,2,3- oxathiazine-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide. Acesulfame K has been approved for a variety of uses in more than 90 countries. In 1998, the FDA broadened the US approval of acesulfame K to allow its use in nonalcoholic beverages. It is often blended with sucralose and used to decrease the bitter aftertaste of aspartame. A wide range of low-calorie foods and drinks contain acesulfame K, including table-top sweeteners, chewing gum, jam, dairy products, frozen desserts, drinks and baked goods. Acesulfame K is not broken down when digested, nor is it stored in the body. After being consumed, it is quickly absorbed by the body and then rapidly excreted, unchanged.

LBA (4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-gluconic acid) is an aldonic acid obtained from the oxidation of lactose, with high potential applications as an ingredient in foods and pharmaceutical products, because of its antioxidant, chelating and humectant properties.