Folipastatin is a depsone metabolite first isolated from Aspergillus unguis by researchers at Sankyo, Japan in 1992 as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2. Folipastatin also possesses moderate antibiotic activity as against Gram positive bacteria. It is a component of a mixture of unguinol-related metabolites produced by A. unguis and A. nidulins patented as growth promotants in livestock. More recently, folipastatin was reported as an inhibitor of sterol O-acyltransferase (SOAT) 1 and 2 iso-enzymes in cell-based and enzyme assays.

Epoxomicin was originally isolated from the culture medium of an Actinomycetes strain based on its in vivo antitumor activity against murine B16 melanoma. Epoxomicin is a selective proteasome inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity. Despite its promising antitumor activity, epoxomicin did not draw much attention as a potential drug lead from the pharmaceutical industry, presumably because epoxomicin has seemingly poor drug-like properties, namely the presence of a peptide backbone and the labile epoxy ketone pharmacophore. Despite its drawbacks, epoxomicin’s pharmacophore was found to provide unprecedented selectivity for the proteasome. Epoxomicin also served as a scaffold for the generation of a synthetic tetrapeptide epoxyketone with improved activity.

Racemic RS-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanol (rhododendrol, RD) was used as a topical skin-whitening agent until it was recently reported to induce leukoderma. (+)-Rhododendrol is its S(+)-RD enantiomer. (+)-rhododendrol suppresses the NO production by activated macrophages in vivo. As NO is one of the critical mediators in inflammation, these results suggest that (+)-rhododendrol contributes in part to the anti-inflammatory effect of A. nikoense.

Estragole (ES) is a natural constituent of a number of plants (e.g. tarragon, sweet basil and sweet fennel) and their essential oils have been widely used in foodstuffs as flavouring agents. Estragole ES was given GRAS Generally Recognized As Safe status by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturer’s Association FEMA, 1965 and is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for food use 21 CFR code of Federal Regulation 121.1164 . Several studies with oral, i.p. or s.c. administration to CD-1 and B6C3F1 mice have shown the carcinogenicity of ES. In vivo and in vitro experimental assays have shown that EST has sedative, anticonvulsant, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anesthetic activity.

Neochlorogenic acid is a natural polyphenolic compound which can be found in a variety of plant sources and especially some types of dried fruit. It is an epimer of chlorogenic acid. Neochlorogenic has been investigated as a chemopreventative dietary compound for breast cancer and collorectal cancer. It has in-vitro anti-inflammatory properties, and may be responsible for the laxative effect fo prunes. Research surrounding neochlorgenic acid has often involved various plant extracts, rather than pure preparations of the compound.

Napelline is a diterpenoid alkaloid, from plants of the Aconitum genus, Ranunculaceae. It is a potent antiarrhythmic of class I with weak hypotensive and N-cholinoblocking effects. Napelline has analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. Napelline has a stronger antiarrhythmic activity than Quinidine or Procaïnamide. 10(-4) - 10(-5) M block inward Na+ currents

Sinigrin is a glucosinolate that is found in plants of the Brassicaceae family. It is enzymatically degraded to allyl isothiocyanate which is responsible for the taste of mustard and horseradish. Allyl isothiocyanate has been identified as having anti-cancer effects; although sinigrin, itself, is not bioactive. Sinigrin has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory activity, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, antioxidant activity, and wound healing activity.

Furoguaiacin (aka alpha-Guaiaconic acid) is a component of guaiac resin which can be obtained from the tropical trees Guajacum officinale and Guajacum sanctum. Furoguaiacin has been used as chromogenic sensor for the detection of occult blood in fecal matter. Furoguiacin has potential anti-inflammatory properties highlighted by its ability to suppress NO production in IL-1B treated hepatocytes.

Sinensetin is a methylated flavone found in certain citrus fruits. pocess potent antiangiogenesis and anti-inflammatory, sinensetin enhances adipogenesis and lipolysis. Sinensetin is a selective inhibitor of α-glucosidase with IC50 value of 0.66 mg/ml. Alpha-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition could the mechanisms through which sinensetin exert its antidiabetic activity, indicating that it could have potential use in the management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Sinensetin inhibits inflammatory gene expression and STAT1 activation. It has meaningful anti-inflammatory properties which may be utilized in the development of novel anti-inflammatory treatments.

Irigenin is an O-methylated isoflavone. It can be isolated from the rhizomes of the leopard lily (Belamcanda chinensis), and Iris Kemaonensis; which are used in traditional Chinese and Tibetan medicine. Irigenin has been identified as a potential anti-inflammatory compound; reducing inflammatory Nitric Oxide and Prostaglandin production. Irigenin has also been investigated in cell models for lung cancer.