Yohimbine is a plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. The exact mechanism for its use in impotence has not been fully elucidated. Yohimbine exerts antagonist actions at halpha(2A)-AR, h5-HT(1B), h5-HT(1D), and hD(2) sites, partial agonist actions at h5-HT(1A) sites. Yohimbine-mediated norepinephrine release at the level of the corporeal tissues may also be involved. In addition, beneficial effects may involve other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin and cholinergic receptors. Yohimbine has a mild anti-diuretic action, probably via stimulation of hypothalmic center and release of posterior pituitary hormone. Reportedly yohimbine exerts no significant influence on cardiac stimulation and other effects mediated by (beta)-adrenergic receptors. Its effect on blood pressure, if any, would be to lower it; however, no adequate studies are at hand to quantitate this effect in terms of Yohimbine dosage. Side effect of Yohimbine include anxiety, tremor, palpitations, diarrhea, and supine hypertension.

Troxerutin (TXN) is a flavonoid present in tea, coffee, cereal grains, and a variety of fruits and vegetables. It inhibits the agglomeration of blood platelets and red blood cells; prevents thrombogenesis; protects endothelial cells; and enhances microcirculation. It possess anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. Troxerutin protected different cell types (epithelial cells, fibroblasts and lymphocytes) against peroxyl radical-induced apoptosis, necrosis and mitotic death. It scavenged intracellular basal and inducible ROS levels and also restored depletion of intracellular GSH levels. Troxerutin might provide a safe and effective treatment for rhinorrhea in the common cold deserves systematic evaluation. The use of a mixture of troxerutin, diosmin and hesperidin is a safe and effective mean of managing symptoms of acute hemorrhoidal disease. Troxerutin is used for the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency.

Icariin is a naturally occurring compound isolatable from several plant species within the genus Epimedium which is mostly endemic to China. Plant extracts containing icarrin have been used in traditional Chinese medicine as aphrodisiacs and to treat erectile dysfunction. Icariin has been investigated in humans as a treatment method for bipolar disorder and alcohol or cocaine abuse (Phase III). For the treatment of impotence, icariin has been shown to be a weak PDE5 inhibitor capable of enhancing the production of nitric oxide. Also related to PDE5 activity icarrin has been investigated as a potential treatment in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Icariin is sold worldwide as an over-the-counter medication for sexual performance, athletic performance, and other health benefits (it improves memory function, protects from osteoporosis, etc).

Alfadex also known as α-cyclodextrin, is used as an inactive ingredient in order to improve the water solubility of the different drugs, e.g. edex: is a sterile, pyrogen-free powder containing alprostadil in an alfadex inclusion complex. After intravenous infusion of radiolabeled α-cyclodextrin to healthy volunteers, the radiolabeled components were rapidly eliminated within 24-hours, urine accounting for 81-83% of radioactivity and feces for 0.1%. There was no evidence of significant accumulation of radiolabeled α-cyclodextrin in the body even after 7 days of repeated intravenous injection. After intracavernous administration in monkeys, radiolabeled α¬ cyclodextrin was rapidly distributed from the injection site with less than 0.1% of the dose remaining in the penis 1 hour after administration. There was no evidence of tissue retention of radiolabeled α-cyclodextrin in monkeys.

Ginsenoside B2 is a constituent of Panax ginseng (ginseng) and Panax japonicum (Japanese ginseng). Ginsenoside B2 belongs to the family of Triterpene Glycosides. Many reports demonstrated that Ginsenoside B2 possesses the multifaceted beneficial pharmacological effects on cardiovascular system. Ginsenoside B2 has negative effect on cardiac contractility and autorhythmicity. It causes alternations in cardiac electrophysiological properties, which may account for its antiarrhythmic effect. In addition, Ginsenoside B2 also exerts antiischemic effect and induces angiogenic regeneration. Ginsenoside B2 is an extract from Panax notoginseng, which is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine that has been used for the treatment of various diseases for years. Ginsenoside B2 has been reported to decrease Aβ in Alzheimer's disease animal models. Ginsenoside B2 is a component of Korean Red Ginseng. The ginsenoside content of the red ginseng is shown as Rg1: 3.3 mg/g, Re (B2): 2.0 mg/g, Rb1: 5.8 mg/g, Rc: 1.7 mg/g, Rb2: 2.3 mg/g, and Rd: 0.4 mg/g, respectively. Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer, Araliaceae) is traditionally used as an important herbal medicine in Far East Asia. Korean Red Ginseng is possibly effective for: • Alzheimer's disease. Evidence shows that taking Panax ginseng root daily for 12 weeks can improve mental performance in people with Alzheimer's disease. • Lung disease called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Taking Panax ginseng by mouth seems to improve lung function and some symptoms of COPD. • Mental function. Taking Panax ginseng by mouth might improve abstract thinking, mental arithmetic skills, and reaction times in healthy, middle-aged people but not in young adults. Panax ginseng alone does not seem to improve memory. But there is some evidence that a combination of Panax ginseng and ginkgo leaf extract can improve memory in otherwise healthy people between the ages of 38 and 66. • Erectile dysfunction (ED). Taking Panax ginseng by mouth seems to improve sexual function in men with erectile dysfunction. • Flu. Taking a specific Panax ginseng by mouth appears to reduce the risk of getting a cold or the flu. But, taking Panax ginseng does not seem to reduce flu symptoms or the length of the illness. • Multiple sclerosis-related fatigue. Taking Panax ginseng daily for 3 months reduces feelings of tiredness and improves quality of life in females with MS. • Premature ejaculation. Applying a cream containing Panax ginseng, angelica root, Cistanches deserticola, Zanthoxyl species, torlidis seed, clover flower, asiasari root, cinnamon bark, and toad venom (SS Cream) to the penis one hour before intercourse and washing off immediately before intercourse seems to help prevent premature ejaculation. • Sexual arousal. Taking powdered Korean red ginseng, a specific form of Panax ginseng, seems to improve sexual arousal and satisfaction in postmenopausal women.

Moxisylyte, also known as thymoxamine, is a drug used in urology for the treatment of erectile dysfunction, also was studied, that this drug may be useful to treat ocular disorders such as diabetic retinopathy. It is an alpha1-adrenergic antagonist. Was developed for self-injection therapy in France and marketed in several European countries as Icavex. In the spring 2005 the manufacturer of Icavex decided to withdraw this drug from Europe market, presumable due to its low market shares.

Ginsenoside Rf has being shown to have the inhibitory effect on the inflammatory mediators downstream of p38/NF-kB activation on TNF-α-stimulated intestinal epithelial cells (HT-29) and mouse macrophage cells (RAW264.7). Ginsenoside Rf significantly reduced the production of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NO, and ROS, which are most highly activated in IBD. In addition, ginsenoside Rf significantly suppressed TNF-α/LPS-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity. Ginsenoside Rf has being shown to contains a compound that has potent intestinal anti-inflammatory effects that could be used to treat diseases such as IBD. Computational and experimental data suggest that Ginsenoside Rf may help attenuate obesity by interacting with PPARg and inhibiting adipogenesis. However, further studies in animal models will be required to assess the true potential of Rf as an antiobesity drug. Ginsenoside Rf is one of the major components of Korean Red Ginseng, marketed in Korea. Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer, Araliaceae) is traditionally used as an important herbal medicine in Far East Asia. Korean Red Ginseng is possibly effective for: • Alzheimer's disease. Evidence shows that taking Panax ginseng root daily for 12 weeks can improve mental performance in people with Alzheimer's disease. • Lung disease called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Taking Panax ginseng by mouth seems to improve lung function and some symptoms of COPD. • Mental function. Taking Panax ginseng by mouth might improve abstract thinking, mental arithmetic skills, and reaction times in healthy, middle-aged people but not in young adults. Panax ginseng alone does not seem to improve memory. But there is some evidence that a combination of Panax ginseng and ginkgo leaf extract can improve memory in otherwise healthy people between the ages of 38 and 66. • Erectile dysfunction (ED). Taking Panax ginseng by mouth seems to improve sexual function in men with erectile dysfunction. • Flu. Taking a specific Panax ginseng by mouth appears to reduce the risk of getting a cold or the flu. But, taking Panax ginseng does not seem to reduce flu symptoms or the length of the illness. • Multiple sclerosis-related fatigue. Taking Panax ginseng daily for 3 months reduces feelings of tiredness and improves quality of life in females with MS. • Premature ejaculation. Applying a cream containing Panax ginseng, angelica root, Cistanches deserticola, Zanthoxyl species, torlidis seed, clover flower, asiasari root, cinnamon bark, and toad venom (SS Cream) to the penis one hour before intercourse and washing off immediately before intercourse seems to help prevent premature ejaculation.

Ginsenoside Rg1 is a triterpene saponin originally found in species of Panax that exhibits antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-aging, anti-fibrotic, anticancer, antithrombotic, anti-allergic, immunomodulatory, cardioprotective, and pro-angiogenic activities. Ginsenoside Rg1 appears to be most abundant in Panax ginseng (Chinese/Korean Ginseng). It improves spatial learning and increase hippocampal synaptophysin level in mice, plus demonstrates estrogen-like activity. In an animal model of aging, ginsenoside Rg1 prevents decreases in cognitive capacity and neurogenesis, and suppresses astrocyte activation and production of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β; it also increases activity of telomerase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase. In other animal models, ginsenoside Rg1 decreases levels of ALT, AST, LDH, and ALP, inhibiting inflammation and hepatic stellate cell activation, decreasing fibrosis. Additionally, ginsenoside Rg1 suppresses JAK2/STAT5 signaling in leukemia cells, upregulates expression of Bax and caspase 3, downregulates expression of Bcl-2, induces apoptosis, and inhibits cell proliferation. This compound also inhibits platelet aggregation, fibrinogen binding, P-selection expression, platelet adhesion, and ERK activation, increasing time to occlusion in vivo. Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits left ventricular hypertrophy and increases expression of HIF-1α and VEGF in other animal models. This compound also decreases serum histamine, IgE, and IgG and suppresses infiltration of eosinophils and mast cells in animal models of allergic rhinitis. Ginsenoside Rg1 is one of the major components of Korean Red Ginseng, marketed in Korea. Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer, Araliaceae) is traditionally used as an important herbal medicine in Far East Asia. Korean Red Ginseng is possibly effective for: • Alzheimer's disease. Evidence shows that taking Panax ginseng root daily for 12 weeks can improve mental performance in people with Alzheimer's disease. • Lung disease called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Taking Panax ginseng by mouth seems to improve lung function and some symptoms of COPD. • Mental function. Taking Panax ginseng by mouth might improve abstract thinking, mental arithmetic skills, and reaction times in healthy, middle-aged people but not in young adults. Panax ginseng alone does not seem to improve memory. But there is some evidence that a combination of Panax ginseng and ginkgo leaf extract can improve memory in otherwise healthy people between the ages of 38 and 66. • Erectile dysfunction (ED). Taking Panax ginseng by mouth seems to improve sexual function in men with erectile dysfunction. • Flu. Taking a specific Panax ginseng by mouth appears to reduce the risk of getting a cold or the flu. But, taking Panax ginseng does not seem to reduce flu symptoms or the length of the illness. • Multiple sclerosis-related fatigue. Taking Panax ginseng daily for 3 months reduces feelings of tiredness and improves quality of life in females with MS. • Premature ejaculation. Applying a cream containing Panax ginseng, angelica root, Cistanches deserticola, Zanthoxyl species, torlidis seed, clover flower, asiasari root, cinnamon bark, and toad venom (SS Cream) to the penis one hour before intercourse and washing off immediately before intercourse seems to help prevent premature ejaculation.

Ginsenoside Rc is a triterpene saponin originally found in species of Panax that exhibits antioxidative, anti-aging, antinociceptive, and anti-diabetic activities. Ginsenoside Rc inhibits phosphorylation of Foxo1, inhibits AMPK, activates PI3K/Akt signaling, and increases levels of catalase, decreasing oxidative stress. Ginsenoside Rc also induces antinociception in animal models of writhing and formalin-induced pain, potentially through activity on transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels. In other animal models, ginsenoside Rc activates AMPK and p38 MAPK, increasing glucose uptake. Additionally, this compound increases the life span of Caenorhabditis elegans. Ginsenoside Rc has being shown to attenuate inflammatory symptoms in CIA, EtOH/HCl-mediated gastritis, and LPS/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-triggered hepatitis without altering toxicological parameters, and without inducing gastric irritation. These anti-inflammatory effects were accompanied by the suppression of TNF-a and IL-6 production and the induction of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in mice with CIA. Ginsenoside Rc also attenuated the increased levels of luciferase activity by IRF-3 and AP-1, reduced TBK1, IRF-3, and ATF2 phosphorylation in the joint and liver tissues of mice with hepatitis. Ginsenoside Rc may be a major component of Korean Red Ginseng, marketed in Korea, with useful anti-inflammatory properties due to its suppression of IRF-3 and AP-1 pathways. Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer, Araliaceae) is traditionally used as an important herbal medicine in Far East Asia. Korean Red Ginseng is possibly effective for:

Ginsenoside C is a triterpene saponin originally found in species of Panax (ginseng) that exhibits anti-osteoporotic, antioxidative, antiviral, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-metastatic, anti-angiogenic, and anticancer chemotherapeutic activities. In vivo, ginsenoside C decreases levels of malondialdehyde and increases levels of glutathione, improving bone microarchitecture and bone mineral density. In other animal models, this compound decreases virus titers and protects against infection of hemagglutinating virus of Japan. In adipocytes, ginsenoside C decreases levels of cholesterol and triglycerides and increases expression of SREBP. In uterine endometrial cancer cells, ginsenoside C decrease expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), suppressive cellular invasion; this compound also inhibits neovascularization and tumor growth in animal models of melanoma. Ginsenoside C is a component of Korean Red Ginseng, marketed in Korea. Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer, Araliaceae) is traditionally used as an important herbal medicine in Far East Asia. Korean Red Ginseng is possibly effective for: • Alzheimer's disease. Evidence shows that taking Panax ginseng root daily for 12 weeks can improve mental performance in people with Alzheimer's disease. • Lung disease called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Taking Panax ginseng by mouth seems to improve lung function and some symptoms of COPD. • Mental function. Taking Panax ginseng by mouth might improve abstract thinking, mental arithmetic skills, and reaction times in healthy, middle-aged people but not in young adults. Panax ginseng alone does not seem to improve memory. But there is some evidence that a combination of Panax ginseng and ginkgo leaf extract can improve memory in otherwise healthy people between the ages of 38 and 66. • Erectile dysfunction (ED). Taking Panax ginseng by mouth seems to improve sexual function in men with erectile dysfunction. • Flu. Taking a specific Panax ginseng by mouth appears to reduce the risk of getting a cold or the flu. But, taking Panax ginseng does not seem to reduce flu symptoms or the length of the illness. • Multiple sclerosis-related fatigue. Taking Panax ginseng daily for 3 months reduces feelings of tiredness and improves quality of life in females with MS. • Premature ejaculation. Applying a cream containing Panax ginseng, angelica root, Cistanches deserticola, Zanthoxyl species, torlidis seed, clover flower, asiasari root, cinnamon bark, and toad venom (SS Cream) to the penis one hour before intercourse and washing off immediately before intercourse seems to help prevent premature ejaculation.