β-phenylethylamine (2-phenylethylamine) is a small amine containing alkaloid synonymous with phenethylamine and the acronym PEA; in the human body it has a neuromodulator/neurotransmitter role and is known as a trace amine due to its low quantity relative to other bioactive amino acids. PEA was characterized as a substrate for type B monoamine oxidase. PEA functions by activating trace amine receptors (including TAAR1 and TAAR2) thereby regulating monoamine turnover. Ring-substituted phenethylamines, commonly known as 2Cs, are designer drugs that are emerging as new drugs of abuse. PEA administration may be therapeutic in selected depressed patients.

Menthone is a naturally occurring organic compound. It is found in oils of peppermint, Japanese mint, pennyroyal, Micromeria abyssinica benth, geranium and other oils. It is widely used as fragrances and flavors in the cosmetic, perfume, drug, and food industries. Menthone is a naturally occurring pesticide. Menthone and isomenthone were mild skin irritants and of low acute dermal toxicity in rabbits. Neither showed any sensitizing potential in volunteer studies with dilute solutions. In rats, menthone demonstrated a moderate to low acute oral toxicity. On repeated oral administration, menthone produced increases in liver, kidney and spleen weights of rats. Mutagenic activity was reported for menthone in the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium (Ames test) and in fruitflies.

Selenomethionine, DL- is the racemic mixture of the D and L enantiomers of Selenomethionine, that used us animal’s dietary supplement. Selenomethionine, DL- was tolerated by chickens for fattening at up to 1.5 mg selenium supplemented/kg feed; Selenomethionine, DL- is therefore safe for chickens for fattening provided total dietary selenium does not exceed 0.5 mg/kg complete feed; this conclusion is extended to all animal species. Based on available toxicity studies and previous assessments of closely related compounds, it is concluded that selenium from Selenomethionine, DL- does not elicit any adverse effects not expected in a selenium compound. The use of Selenomethionine, DL- in animal nutrition is expected to result in a similar increase in selenium deposition in animal tissues/products as that resulting from other sources of Selenomethionine, DL- . To ensure consumer safety from consumption of food originating from animals fed Selenomethionine, DL-, dietary selenium supplementation from the additive should not exceed a maximum of 0.2 mg Se/kg complete feed. Although a Selenomethionine, DL- containing additive did not release any measurable dust, the additive is considered as a hazard by inhalation, which requires protection measures for users since the additive is not the subject of authorisation, and selenium is highly toxic. The additive is not an irritant to skin and eyes and is not a dermal sensitiser. The use of Selenomethionine, DL- in feed does not pose an additional risk to the environment, compared with other sources of selenium for which it will substitute, as long as the maximum authorised content in complete feed is not exceeded.

alpha-Solanine, a naturally occurring steroidal glycoalkaloid in potato sprouts, was found to possess anti-carcinogenic properties, such as inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis of tumor cells. Human intake of high doses of alpha-Solanine has led to acute intoxication, in severe cases coma and death. The ratio of a-solanine to a-chaconine may determine the degree and nature of the glycoalkaloid toxicity in potatoes, as the toxicity of the two alkaloids act synergistically. alpha-Solanine can inhibit cholinesterase, disrupt cell membranes, and cause birth defects. Some studies suggests that the toxic mechanism of solanine is caused by the chemical's interaction with mitochondrial membranes. Experiments show that solanine exposure opens the potassium channels of mitochondria, decreasing their membrane potential. This, in turn, leads to K+ being transported from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm, and this increased concentration of K+ in the cytoplasm triggers cell damage and apoptosis.

Ginkgolide C (GC, BN52022), is a terpene lactone constituent of Ginkgo biloba, the ginkgo tree, is the oldest living tree, with a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine. Ginkgolide C is 25-fold less potent than ginkgolide B as a platelet activating factor receptor antagonist, due to the presence of the 7beta-OH. Ginkgolide C may not be bioavailable at clinically relevant concentrations due to rapid metabolism.

Galangin is a flavanol that is found in high concentrations in Alpinia officinarum and Helichrysum aureonitens. It can also be found in the rhizome of Alpinia galanga and in propolis. Galangin has been shown to have antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer and neuroprotective properties in vitro and in animal models.

Selective, potent, orally bioavailable full 5-HT1A antagonist. S-(+)-enantiomer of (±)-LY426965 is more active in comparison with its opposite enantiomer (R)-(-)-LY 426965. LY426965 completely reversed the effects of nicotine withdrawal on the auditory startle reflex in rats. In microdialysis experiments, LY426965, when administered with fluoxetine, significantly increased extracellular levels of serotonin above those achievable with fluoxetine alone. In electrophysiological studies, the administration of LY426965 both blocked and reversed the effects of fluoxetine on 5-HT neuronal activity. Preclinical results indicate that LY426965 may have clinical use as a pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation and depression and related disorders.

1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7) is an inhibitor of cAMP-dependent, cGMP-dependent, and Ca2+-phospholipid-dependent (protein kinase C) protein kinases at roughly equal concentrations. It is widely used to study protein kinase signaling both in vitro and in vivo.

MDL-28170 is a potent, selective inhibitor of calpain and cathepsin B that does not inhibit trypsin-like serine proteases. In vitro MDL-28170 reduces capsaicin-mediated cell death in cultured dorsal root ganglion, block Ca2+-induced suppression of neurite outgrowth in isolated hippocampal pyramidal neurons. MDL28170 was able to significantly reduce the viability of bloodstream trypomastigotes in mouse macrophages pre-infected with trypomastigotes. In vivo MDL-28170 rapidly penetrates the blood-brain barrier following systemic administration and displays neuroprotective effects in vivo.

Narceine methyl ester and narceine are potent alkaloids which were isolated from Corydalis longipes were found effective in vitro at very low concentration, i.e., 100~500 ppm against spore germination of some test plant pathogenic fungi (Alternaria solani, A. tagetica, Cercospora abelmoschi, Curvularia maculans, Erysiphe cichoracearum, E. pisi, Fusarium udum, Helminthosporium oryzae, H. penniseti, Ustilago cynodontis). George Bell Frankforter was the first person to isolate narceine (in 1893) during his Ph.D. research for August Hofmann at the University of Berlin. Narceine has a weak morphine-like action, but is not much used in medicine. It may be administered in a pill, as a mild hypnotic and to allay cough; it is less depressant than morphine and does not constipate. Ethylnarceine is a narcotic, analgesic, and antitussive.