Piperidine is a normal constituent in mammalian brain. It was shown to affect synaptic mechanism in the CNS, and influence neural mechanisms governing regulation of emotional behavior, sleeping, and extrapyramidal function. In addition, there are enzyme systems within the brain that synthesize and metabolize piperidine, and uptake and storage mechanisms for piperidine are found in the nerve endings. Piperidine, which proved to be a highly effective “antipsychotomimetic” agent in rats, has been reported to bring about substantial improvement in a variety of schizophrenic patients.

Panaxatriol is a triterpene sapogenin originally found in species of Panax (ginseng) that exhibits anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-arrhythmic, and antioxidative activities. Panaxatriol increases expression of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and activation of Nrf2 signaling in neurons in a PI3K/Akt-dependent manner. Panaxatriol also decreases acetaminophen-induced increases in ALT and TNF-α, preventing liver injury in vivo. Additionally, panaxatriol inhibits Ca2+ channels, decreasing channel open time and open state probability in vitro and displaying anti-arrhythmic potential. Panaxatriol is a tyrosine hydroxylase inducer. It shows neuroprotective and cardioprotective effects in vivo. Panaxatriol enhances antioxidant activity and inhibits mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Pretreatment with ginseng total saponin, especially panaxatriol, ameliorates I/R-induced myocardial damage and this protection is caused by reducing oxidative stress. Panaxatriol can relieve myelosuppression induced by radiation injury. The abilities of regulating the expression of hemopoietic growth factor GM-CSF and promoting the maturation of bone marrow cells may be responsible for some of these beneficial effects.

Trihydroxychalcone (Isoliquiritigenin, ISL) is a flavonoid found in licorice root and several other plants that displays antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and antitumor activities as well as hepatoprotection against steatosis-induced oxidative stress. Trihydroxychalcone is a potent antimetastatic agent, which can markedly inhibit the metastatic and invasive capacity of prostate cancer cells. The inhibition of JNK/AP-1 signaling may be one of the mechanisms by which ISL inhibits cancer cell invasion and migration. Trihydroxychalcone has been shown to be a BACE1 inhibitor, which could ameliorate memory impairment in mice, and is expected to be potentially used as a lead compound for further anti-AD reagent development.

N,N-Diallyl-5-methoxytryptamine (N-Allyl-N-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl] prop-2-en-1- amine, 5-MeO-DALT) is a psychedelic tryptamine first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. N,N-Diallyl-5-methoxytryptamine is used as a hallucinogenic drug has been reported only occasionally in online user fora. It is controlled in only a few countries worldwide. There is little scientifically-based literature on the pharmacological, physiological, psychopharmacological, toxicological and epidemiological characteristics of 5-MeO-DALT. Most of the information published on the effects of 5-MeO-DALT is derived from first-hand personal accounts presented in discussion fora. User reports suggest that its effects are felt within 15 min of being taken orally, and its full effects within 30 min. User reports on 5-MeO-DALT state rapid, strong entheogenic effect, euphoric, sensual, energised bodies, visual hallucinations (similar to those experienced with MDMA), loss of control of limbs making walking difficult, and ‘out of body’ type experience Acute mental effects reported include: increased alertness and awareness, increased arousal, and agitation.

Emoxypine (ethylmethylhydroxypyridine) succinate (MEXIDOL®) is a 3-hydroxypyridine derivative which is quite similar in structure to Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine). The most important components of the mechanism of action of Mexidol® are its antioxidant and membranotropic effects, the ability to modulate functioning of receptors and membrane-bound enzymes, restore a neurotransmitter balance. Due to its mechanism of action Mexidol® has a wide range of pharmacological effects, realized on at least two levels – neuronal and vascular. It has antihypoxic, anti-ischemic, neuroprotective, nootropic, vegetotrophic, anti-stress, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, anti-alcohol, cardioprotective, anti-atherogenic, geroprotective and other actions. Under the action of Mexidol®, it is observed an improvement in cerebral circulation and microcirculation. Emoxypine is distributed in Russia but it is widely unknown in other regions.

2-Phenylaminoadenosine (CV-1808) is an adenosine A2 receptor agonist. CV-1808 is a coronary vasodilator, antihypertensive and antipsychotic following systemic administration in vivo. CV-1808 appeared to be effective for salvaging ischemic myocardium. The effect might be related to improvement of coronary circulation and inhibition of release of vasoactive substances, including TXA2, from the ischemic myocardium. Development of CV-1808 has been discontinued in the United States.

Liquiritigenin is a plant-derived flavonoid isolated from the roots of plants belonging to licorice species (Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Glycyrrhiza inflate etc) and is available in common foods and alternative medicine. Liquiritigenin is one of the major active compounds of MF101, selective ER-beta agonist herbal extract of 22 botanical ingredients originally tested for reducing the frequency and severity of menopausal hot flashes. At sufficient concentrations, liquiritigenin is also a partial agonist of ER-alpha but has a 20-fold higher affinity for ER-beta than for ER-alpha. Several studies showed that liquiritigenin exerts cytoprotective effects against heavy metal-induced toxicity in cultured hepatocytes, has protective effects against liver injuries induced by acetaminophen and buthione sulfoximine in rats and has an anti-inflammatory effect in macrophages suggesting its potential therapeutic use for liver diseases. Liquiritigenin inhibits the activity of MAO A and B in rat brain mitochondria and displayed favorable properties as a specific transient receptor potential melastatin 3 (TRPM3) blocker. Anti-hepatocellular carcinoma effects of liquiritigenin are related to its modulation of the activations of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) and was discovered, that this compound is a potential therapeutic agent for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment.

7-Nitroindazole (aka 7-NI) is an experimental small molecule that acts as a selective inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, which normally converts arginine to citrulline and nitric oxide (NO) in neuronal tissues. It has been investigated for potential use as an anti-nociceptive compound and as a means of mitigating neurodegenerative damage.

Acacetin is an O-methylated flavone that exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, neuroprotective, and anti-aromatase properties. It is a naturally occurring plant metabolite which can be found in Robinia pseudoacacia, Turnera diffusa, Betula pendula, and Asplenium normale. Acacetin has been investigated in a number of in-vitro and animal models for various cancers, and neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease.

FG-7142 is a partial inverse agonist at the benzodiazepine allosteric site with its highest affinity for the α1 subunit-containing GABAA receptor, although it is not selective. FG-7142 also has its highest efficacy for modulation of GABA-induced chloride flux mediated at the α1 subunit-containing GABAA receptor. FG-7142 activates a recognized anxiety-related neural network and interacts with serotonergic, dopaminergic, cholinergic, and noradrenergic modulatory systems within that network. FG-7142 has been shown to induce anxietyrelated behavioral and physiological responses in a variety of experimental paradigms across numerous mammalian and non-mammalian species, including humans. FG-7142 has proconflict actions across anxiety-related behavioral paradigms, modulates attentional processes, and increases cardioacceleratory sympathetic reactivity and neuroendocrine reactivity. Both acute and chronic FG-7142 treatment are proconvulsive, upregulate cortical adrenoreceptors, decrease subsequent actions of GABA and β-carboline agonists, and increase the effectiveness of subsequent GABAA receptor antagonists and β-carboline inverse agonists. FG-7142, as a partial inverse agonist, can help to elucidate individual components of full agonism of benzodiazepine binding sites and may serve to identify the specific GABAA receptor subtypes involved in specific behavioral and physiological responses.