Details
Stereochemistry | ABSOLUTE |
Molecular Formula | C18H37N5O9 |
Molecular Weight | 467.5145 |
Optical Activity | UNSPECIFIED |
Defined Stereocenters | 14 / 14 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
NC[C@H]1O[C@H](O[C@@H]2[C@@H](N)C[C@@H](N)[C@H](O[C@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](N)[C@H]3O)[C@H]2O)[C@H](N)C[C@@H]1O
InChI
InChIKey=NLVFBUXFDBBNBW-PBSUHMDJSA-N
InChI=1S/C18H37N5O9/c19-3-9-8(25)2-7(22)17(29-9)31-15-5(20)1-6(21)16(14(15)28)32-18-13(27)11(23)12(26)10(4-24)30-18/h5-18,24-28H,1-4,19-23H2/t5-,6+,7+,8-,9+,10+,11-,12+,13+,14-,15+,16-,17+,18+/m0/s1
Molecular Formula | C18H37N5O9 |
Molecular Weight | 467.5145 |
Charge | 0 |
Count |
|
Stereochemistry | ABSOLUTE |
Additional Stereochemistry | No |
Defined Stereocenters | 14 / 14 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Optical Activity | UNSPECIFIED |
DescriptionCurator's Comment: Description was created based on several resourses, including http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00684
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several resourses, including http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00684
Tobramycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic obtained from cultures of Streptomyces tenebrarius, it is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the pseudomonas species. Tobramycin is used in combination with other antibiotics to treat urinary tract infections, gynecologic infections, peritonitis, endocarditis, pneumonia, bacteremia and sepsis, respiratory infections including those associated with cystic fibrosis, osteomyelitis, and diabetic foot and other soft-tissue infections. It acts primarily by disrupting protein synthesis, leading to altered cell membrane permeability, progressive disruption of the cell envelope, and eventual cell death. Tobramycin has in vitro activity against a wide range of gram-negative organisms including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Tobramycin binds irreversibly to one of two aminoglycoside binding sites on the 30 S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Tobramycin may also destabilize bacterial memebrane by binding to 16 S 16 S r-RNA. An active transport mechanism for aminoglycoside uptake is necessary in the bacteria in order to attain a significant intracellular concentration of tobramycin. KITABIS PAK (co-packaging of tobramycin inhalation solution and PARI LC PLUS Reusable Nebulizer) is indicated for the management of cystic fibrosis in adults and pediatric patients 6 years of age and older with P. aeruginosa.
CNS Activity
Sources: https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/237996
Curator's Comment: Poor penetrability of tobramycin through the blood-CSF barrier was shown.
Originator
Sources: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=4208289
Curator's Comment: Tobramycin is the generic ingredient in eleven branded drugs marketed by Amneal Pharms, Chiesi Usa Inc, Akorn Inc, Fera Pharms, Pulmoflow Inc, Alcon, Alcon Labs Inc, Bausch And Lomb, Novartis Pharms, Alcon Pharms Ltd, Apotex Inc, Novartis, Teva Pharms Usa, Akorn, Lilly, Mylan Labs Ltd, Hospira, Hikma Maple , X Gen Pharms, Igi Labs Inc, Fresenius Kabi Usa, Apothecon, Watson Labs Inc, and Xellia Pharms Aps, and is included in forty-five NDAs. Nebramycin, an antibiotic complex of at least seven factors, was first described in 1967 by Stark et al.
Approval Year
Targets
Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
---|---|---|---|
Target ID: CHEMBL1641336 Sources: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00684#targets |
9.0 µM [IC50] |
Conditions
Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
---|---|---|---|---|
Curative | TOBREX Approved Useexternal infections of the eye Launch Date1980 |
|||
Primary | KITABIS PAK Approved Usecystic fibrosis Launch Date2014 |
Cmax
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
3.7 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4208289/ |
80 mg single, intramuscular dose: 80 mg route of administration: Intramuscular experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
TOBRAMYCIN plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
|
814 μg/mL |
300 mg single, respiratory dose: 300 mg route of administration: Respiratory experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
TOBRAMYCIN sputum | Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
AUC
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
11.6 μg × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4208289/ |
80 mg single, intramuscular dose: 80 mg route of administration: Intramuscular experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
TOBRAMYCIN plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
T1/2
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
1.6 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4208289/ |
80 mg single, intramuscular dose: 80 mg route of administration: Intramuscular experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
TOBRAMYCIN plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
|
4.4 h |
300 mg single, respiratory dose: 300 mg route of administration: Respiratory experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
TOBRAMYCIN sputum | Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
Funbound
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
100% |
300 mg single, respiratory dose: 300 mg route of administration: Respiratory experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
TOBRAMYCIN sputum | Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
Doses
Dose | Population | Adverse events |
---|---|---|
12 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intravenous Highest studied dose Dose: 12 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 12 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 2 months - 27 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 2 months - 27 years Sources: |
|
300 mg 2 times / day multiple, respiratory Recommended Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, >6 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: >6 years Sex: M+F Sources: |
Other AEs: Forced expiratory volume decreased, Rales... Other AEs: Forced expiratory volume decreased (31%) Sources: Rales (19%) Red blood cell sedimentation rate increased (8%) Dysphonia (6%) Wheezing (5%) |
3 mg 3 times / day multiple, ophthalmic Recommended Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Route: ophthalmic Route: multiple Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sources: |
Other AEs: Hypersensitivity, Eyelids itchy sensation of... Other AEs: Hypersensitivity Sources: Eyelids itchy sensation of Swelling Redness of eyelid conjunctiva |
1.5 mg/kg 3 times / day multiple, intramuscular Dose: 1.5 mg/kg, 3 times / day Route: intramuscular Route: multiple Dose: 1.5 mg/kg, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, adult |
|
2 mg/kg single, intraperitoneal Dose: 2 mg/kg Route: intraperitoneal Route: single Dose: 2 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy, adult |
AEs
AE | Significance | Dose | Population |
---|---|---|---|
Rales | 19% | 300 mg 2 times / day multiple, respiratory Recommended Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, >6 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: >6 years Sex: M+F Sources: |
Forced expiratory volume decreased | 31% | 300 mg 2 times / day multiple, respiratory Recommended Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, >6 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: >6 years Sex: M+F Sources: |
Wheezing | 5% | 300 mg 2 times / day multiple, respiratory Recommended Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, >6 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: >6 years Sex: M+F Sources: |
Dysphonia | 6% | 300 mg 2 times / day multiple, respiratory Recommended Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, >6 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: >6 years Sex: M+F Sources: |
Red blood cell sedimentation rate increased | 8% | 300 mg 2 times / day multiple, respiratory Recommended Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, >6 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: >6 years Sex: M+F Sources: |
Eyelids itchy sensation of | 3 mg 3 times / day multiple, ophthalmic Recommended Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Route: ophthalmic Route: multiple Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sources: |
|
Hypersensitivity | 3 mg 3 times / day multiple, ophthalmic Recommended Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Route: ophthalmic Route: multiple Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sources: |
|
Redness of eyelid conjunctiva | 3 mg 3 times / day multiple, ophthalmic Recommended Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Route: ophthalmic Route: multiple Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sources: |
|
Swelling | 3 mg 3 times / day multiple, ophthalmic Recommended Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Route: ophthalmic Route: multiple Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sources: |
Overview
CYP3A4 | CYP2C9 | CYP2D6 | hERG |
---|---|---|---|
OverviewOther
Other Inhibitor | Other Substrate | Other Inducer |
---|---|---|
Drug as perpetrator
Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|
Page: 8.0 |
minor | |||
Page: 8.0 |
minor | |||
Page: 8.0 |
minor | |||
Page: 7.0 |
no | |||
Page: 8.0 |
no | |||
Page: 1612.0 |
no | |||
Page: 7.0 |
yes | |||
Page: 7.0 |
yes |
Drug as victim
Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|
Page: 2908.0 |
yes |
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
---|---|---|
Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of guanidinoglycosides. | 2000 Dec 29 |
|
Outbreak caused by tobramycin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a bone marrow transplantation unit. | 2001 |
|
Fungal keratitis in a daily disposable soft contact lens wearer. | 2001 Apr |
|
Infectious crystalline keratopathy in an immunosuppressed patient. | 2001 Apr |
|
Individualized pharmacokinetic monitoring results in less aminoglycoside-associated nephrotoxicity and fewer associated costs. | 2001 Apr |
|
[Mupirocin resistant MRSA in Japan]. | 2001 Apr |
|
The role of nebulized antibiotics in treating serious respiratory infections. | 2001 Aug |
|
Mycobacterium keratitis following hyperopic laser in situ keratomileusis. | 2001 Aug |
|
Prevalence and analysis of risk factors for infections caused by resistant Escherichia coli strains in Anhui, China. | 2001 Aug |
|
In vitro elution of tobramycin from bioabsorbable polycaprolactone beads. | 2001 Aug |
|
Randomized controlled monocentric comparison of once daily ceftriaxone with tobramycin and cefotaxime three times daily with tobramycin in neutropenic fever. | 2001 Feb |
|
Yersinia enterocolitica infection with multiple liver abscesses uncovering a primary hemochromatosis. | 2001 Feb |
|
Antibacterial activity of 41 antimicrobials tested against over 2773 bacterial isolates from hospitalized patients with pneumonia: I--results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (North America, 1998). | 2001 Feb |
|
Disseminated Pseudomonas aeruginosa and necrotizing pneumonia with complete recovery. | 2001 Feb |
|
[Effect of subinhibitory levels of aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolines on hydrophobicity and motility of Serratia marcescens]. | 2001 Feb |
|
Role of bronchoalveolar lavage in immunocompromised patients with pneumonia treated with a broad spectrum antibiotic and antifungal regimen. | 2001 Feb |
|
Changes in strategies for optimal antibacterial therapy in cystic fibrosis. | 2001 Feb |
|
[Pacemaker-cable endocarditis and spondylodiscitis caused by Citrobacter koseri. Conservative treatment]. | 2001 Jan |
|
Gut decontamination of critically ill patients reduces Helicobacter pylori acquisition by intensive care nurses. | 2001 Jan |
|
A case-control study of the relationships among silica exposure, gastric cancer, and esophageal cancer. | 2001 Jan |
|
Survival of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia following exposure to concentrations of tobramycin used in aerosolized therapy for cystic fibrosis patients. | 2001 Jan |
|
[Acute pyelonephritis. Randomized multicenter double-blind study comparing ciprofloxacin with combined ciprofloxacin and tobramycin]. | 2001 Jan 13 |
|
Applications of a copper microparticle-modified carbon fiber microdisk array electrode for the simultaneous determination of aminoglycoside antibiotics by capillary electrophoresis. | 2001 Jan 5 |
|
Perioperative microbiologic profile of the conjunctiva in photorefractive keratectomy. | 2001 Jan-Feb |
|
Tobramycin (Cystic Fibrosis Foundation/PathoGenesis). | 2001 Jun |
|
Changing antibiotic sensitivity patterns at a university hospital, 1992 through 1999. | 2001 Jun |
|
Population kinetics of tobramycin in neonates. | 2001 Jun |
|
Aminoglycoside ototoxicity. | 2001 Mar |
|
Cystic fibrosis. | 2001 Mar |
|
Kinetic and mutagenic characterization of the chromosomally encoded Salmonella enterica AAC(6')-Iy aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase. | 2001 Mar 27 |
|
Management of corneal epithelial defects following laser in situ keratomileusis. | 2001 Mar-Apr |
|
In vitro susceptibilities to topical antibiotics of bacteria isolated from the surface of clinically symptomatic eyes. | 2001 Mar-Apr |
|
[Cloning of the sugar related biosynthesis gene cluster from Streptomyces tenebrarius H6]. | 2001 May |
|
A comparison of cortisporin and ciprofloxacin otic drops as prophylaxis against post-tympanostomy otorrhea. | 2001 Nov 1 |
|
Serum and lower respiratory tract drug concentrations after tobramycin inhalation in young children with cystic fibrosis. | 2001 Oct |
|
The treatment of cystic fibrosis--step by step. | 2001 Oct |
|
Effects of antibiotics on morphologic characteristics and migration of canine corneal epithelial cells in tissue culture. | 2001 Oct |
|
Bacillus cereus keratitis associated with contact lens wear. | 2001 Oct |
|
Efficacy and safety of aerosolized tobramycin in cystic fibrosis. | 2001 Oct |
|
Genotypic characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains recovered from patients with cystic fibrosis after initial and subsequent colonization. | 2001 Oct |
|
Gene expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. | 2001 Oct 25 |
|
High-rising terminals and fall-rise tunes in Australian English. | 2001 Oct-Dec |
|
The changing nature of aminoglycoside resistance mechanisms and prevalence of newly recognized resistance mechanisms in Turkey. | 2001 Sep |
|
Isolation and culture of airway epithelial cells from chronically infected human lungs. | 2001 Sep |
|
[Survey of the antibiotic sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in France and the distribution of beta-lactam resistance mechanisms: the GERPB 1999 study]. | 2001 Sep |
|
Recovery from vestibular ototoxicity. | 2001 Sep |
|
Microbiological and immunologic considerations with aerosolized drug delivery. | 2001 Sep |
|
Administration of aerosolized antibiotics in cystic fibrosis patients. | 2001 Sep |
|
Characterization of paired mucoid/non-mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from Danish cystic fibrosis patients: antibiotic resistance, beta-lactamase activity and RiboPrinting. | 2001 Sep |
|
Aerosols and anti-infectious agents. | 2001 Spring |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
In Vivo Use Guide
Curator's Comment: Tobramycin does not pass the gastro-intestinal tract, so for systemic use it can only be given intravenously or intramuscularly http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/063111s014lbl.pdf. Dosage is different for different infections. Ophthalmic route of administration is also possible, as indicated here http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.DrugDetails or for TOBREX http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/050541s024lbl.pdf
KITABIS PAK is a co-packaging of tobramycin inhalation solution ampules with a PARI LC PLUS Reusable Nebulizer. Administer as follows: One single-use ampule (300 mg /5 mL) of tobramycin inhalation solution twice a day by oral inhalation in alternating periods of 28 days on drug, followed by 28 days off drug. The 300 mg/5mL dose of tobramycin inhalation solution is the same for all patients regardless of age or weight. The doses should be taken as close to 12 hours apart as possible; they should not be taken less than 6 hours apart.
Route of Administration:
Respiratory
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=11112146
Curator's Comment: Low dose tobramycin (4 ug/ml) as a single agent was bactericidal against only 16% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates; however, 72% of isolates were killed with high-dose tobramycin (200 ug/ml).
High-dose tobramycin (200 ug/ml) killed 72% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates
Substance Class |
Chemical
Created
by
admin
on
Edited
Mon Mar 31 18:01:25 GMT 2025
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Record UNII |
VZ8RRZ51VK
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Record Status |
Validated (UNII)
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Record Version |
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Classification Tree | Code System | Code | ||
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NDF-RT |
N0000007853
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C2363
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WHO-ATC |
S01AA12
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WHO-VATC |
QJ01GB01
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EU-Orphan Drug |
EU/3/06/366
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FDA ORPHAN DRUG |
84494
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LIVERTOX |
NBK548505
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WHO-VATC |
QS01AA12
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FDA ORPHAN DRUG |
271908
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FDA ORPHAN DRUG |
278009
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CFR |
21 CFR 862.3900
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WHO-ATC |
J01GB01
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NDF-RT |
N0000175477
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FDA ORPHAN DRUG |
281709
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EMA ASSESSMENT REPORTS |
VANTOBRA (AUTHORIZED: CYSTIC FIBROSIS)
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EMA ASSESSMENT REPORTS |
TOBI PODHALER (AUTHORIZED: CYSTIC FIBROSIS)
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FDA ORPHAN DRUG |
121098
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180514
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32986-56-4
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DTXSID8023680
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Tobramycin
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C62082
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1667508
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2990
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73678
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36294
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VZ8RRZ51VK
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SUB11134MIG
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D014031
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VZ8RRZ51VK
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251-322-5
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CHEMBL1747
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28864
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2684
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10627
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PRIMARY | RxNorm | ||
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TOBRAMYCIN
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m10917
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PRIMARY | Merck Index | ||
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3259
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100000091065
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DB00684
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Related Record | Type | Details | ||
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SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT |
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BINDER->LIGAND |
ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION: INJECTION
BINDING
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Related Record | Type | Details | ||
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IMPURITY -> PARENT |
CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURITY (HPLC/UV)
EP
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IMPURITY -> PARENT |
CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURITY (HPLC/UV)
EP
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IMPURITY -> PARENT |
CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURITY (HPLC/UV)
EP
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ACTIVE MOIETY |
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Name | Property Type | Amount | Referenced Substance | Defining | Parameters | References |
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MIC | BIOLOGICAL |
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ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION: INJECTION |
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Biological Half-life | PHARMACOKINETIC |
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POPULATION: NEONATES ? 1200 GRAMS |
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Tmax | PHARMACOKINETIC |
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DOSAGE FORM: POWDER |
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Volume of Distribution | PHARMACOKINETIC |
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ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION: INJECTION |
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Biological Half-life | PHARMACOKINETIC |
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POPULATION: INFANTS |
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Biological Half-life | PHARMACOKINETIC |
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POPULATION: CHILDREN |
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Volume of Distribution | PHARMACOKINETIC |
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ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION: INJECTION |
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Volume of Distribution | PHARMACOKINETIC |
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ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION: INJECTION |
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Biological Half-life | PHARMACOKINETIC |
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DOSAGE FORM: POWDER |
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Biological Half-life | PHARMACOKINETIC |
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POPULATION: NEONATES ? 1200 GRAMS |
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MIC | BIOLOGICAL |
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PATHOGEN: LOW ORDER OF ACTIVITY AGAINST MOST GRAM-POSITIVE ORGANISMS INCLUDING S. PNEUMONIAE, S. PYOGENES, AND ENTEROCOCCI |
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Tmax | PHARMACOKINETIC |
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ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION: IM |
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Volume of Distribution | PHARMACOKINETIC |
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ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION: INJECTION |
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Volume of Distribution | PHARMACOKINETIC |
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ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION: ORAL INHALATION |
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Biological Half-life | PHARMACOKINETIC |
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POPULATION: ADULTS WITH IMPAIRED RENAL FUNCTION |
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Tmax | PHARMACOKINETIC |
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ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION: IIV |
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Biological Half-life | PHARMACOKINETIC |
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DOSAGE FORM: SOLUTION |
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Biological Half-life | PHARMACOKINETIC |
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POPULATION: ADOLESCENTS |
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MIC | BIOLOGICAL |
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SUSCEPTIBILITY: INTERMEDIATE |
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Biological Half-life | PHARMACOKINETIC |
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ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION: IV |
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Volume of Distribution | PHARMACOKINETIC |
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ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION: INJECTION |
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