Details
Stereochemistry | ABSOLUTE |
Molecular Formula | 2C18H37N5O9.5H2O4S |
Molecular Weight | 1425.421 |
Optical Activity | UNSPECIFIED |
Defined Stereocenters | 28 / 28 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
OS(O)(=O)=O.OS(O)(=O)=O.OS(O)(=O)=O.OS(O)(=O)=O.OS(O)(=O)=O.NC[C@H]1O[C@H](O[C@@H]2[C@@H](N)C[C@@H](N)[C@H](O[C@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](N)[C@H]3O)[C@H]2O)[C@H](N)C[C@@H]1O.NC[C@H]4O[C@H](O[C@@H]5[C@@H](N)C[C@@H](N)[C@H](O[C@H]6O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](N)[C@H]6O)[C@H]5O)[C@H](N)C[C@@H]4O
InChI
InChIKey=NZKFUBQRAWPZJP-BXKLGIMVSA-N
InChI=1S/2C18H37N5O9.5H2O4S/c2*19-3-9-8(25)2-7(22)17(29-9)31-15-5(20)1-6(21)16(14(15)28)32-18-13(27)11(23)12(26)10(4-24)30-18;5*1-5(2,3)4/h2*5-18,24-28H,1-4,19-23H2;5*(H2,1,2,3,4)/t2*5-,6+,7+,8-,9+,10+,11-,12+,13+,14-,15+,16-,17+,18+;;;;;/m00...../s1
Molecular Formula | H2O4S |
Molecular Weight | 98.078 |
Charge | 0 |
Count |
|
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Additional Stereochemistry | No |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
Molecular Formula | C18H37N5O9 |
Molecular Weight | 467.5145 |
Charge | 0 |
Count |
|
Stereochemistry | ABSOLUTE |
Additional Stereochemistry | No |
Defined Stereocenters | 14 / 14 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Optical Activity | UNSPECIFIED |
DescriptionCurator's Comment: Description was created based on several resourses, including http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00684
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several resourses, including http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00684
Tobramycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic obtained from cultures of Streptomyces tenebrarius, it is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the pseudomonas species. Tobramycin is used in combination with other antibiotics to treat urinary tract infections, gynecologic infections, peritonitis, endocarditis, pneumonia, bacteremia and sepsis, respiratory infections including those associated with cystic fibrosis, osteomyelitis, and diabetic foot and other soft-tissue infections. It acts primarily by disrupting protein synthesis, leading to altered cell membrane permeability, progressive disruption of the cell envelope, and eventual cell death. Tobramycin has in vitro activity against a wide range of gram-negative organisms including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Tobramycin binds irreversibly to one of two aminoglycoside binding sites on the 30 S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Tobramycin may also destabilize bacterial memebrane by binding to 16 S 16 S r-RNA. An active transport mechanism for aminoglycoside uptake is necessary in the bacteria in order to attain a significant intracellular concentration of tobramycin. KITABIS PAK (co-packaging of tobramycin inhalation solution and PARI LC PLUS Reusable Nebulizer) is indicated for the management of cystic fibrosis in adults and pediatric patients 6 years of age and older with P. aeruginosa.
CNS Activity
Sources: https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/237996
Curator's Comment: Poor penetrability of tobramycin through the blood-CSF barrier was shown.
Originator
Sources: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=4208289
Curator's Comment: Tobramycin is the generic ingredient in eleven branded drugs marketed by Amneal Pharms, Chiesi Usa Inc, Akorn Inc, Fera Pharms, Pulmoflow Inc, Alcon, Alcon Labs Inc, Bausch And Lomb, Novartis Pharms, Alcon Pharms Ltd, Apotex Inc, Novartis, Teva Pharms Usa, Akorn, Lilly, Mylan Labs Ltd, Hospira, Hikma Maple , X Gen Pharms, Igi Labs Inc, Fresenius Kabi Usa, Apothecon, Watson Labs Inc, and Xellia Pharms Aps, and is included in forty-five NDAs. Nebramycin, an antibiotic complex of at least seven factors, was first described in 1967 by Stark et al.
Approval Year
Targets
Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
---|---|---|---|
Target ID: CHEMBL1641336 Sources: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00684#targets |
9.0 µM [IC50] |
Conditions
Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
---|---|---|---|---|
Curative | TOBREX Approved Useexternal infections of the eye Launch Date1980 |
|||
Primary | KITABIS PAK Approved Usecystic fibrosis Launch Date2014 |
Cmax
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
3.7 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4208289/ |
80 mg single, intramuscular dose: 80 mg route of administration: Intramuscular experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
TOBRAMYCIN plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
|
814 μg/mL |
300 mg single, respiratory dose: 300 mg route of administration: Respiratory experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
TOBRAMYCIN sputum | Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
AUC
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
11.6 μg × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4208289/ |
80 mg single, intramuscular dose: 80 mg route of administration: Intramuscular experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
TOBRAMYCIN plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
T1/2
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
1.6 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4208289/ |
80 mg single, intramuscular dose: 80 mg route of administration: Intramuscular experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
TOBRAMYCIN plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
|
4.4 h |
300 mg single, respiratory dose: 300 mg route of administration: Respiratory experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
TOBRAMYCIN sputum | Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
Funbound
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
100% |
300 mg single, respiratory dose: 300 mg route of administration: Respiratory experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
TOBRAMYCIN sputum | Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
Doses
Dose | Population | Adverse events |
---|---|---|
12 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intravenous Highest studied dose Dose: 12 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 12 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 2 months - 27 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 2 months - 27 years Sources: |
|
300 mg 2 times / day multiple, respiratory Recommended Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, >6 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: >6 years Sex: M+F Sources: |
Other AEs: Forced expiratory volume decreased, Rales... Other AEs: Forced expiratory volume decreased (31%) Sources: Rales (19%) Red blood cell sedimentation rate increased (8%) Dysphonia (6%) Wheezing (5%) |
3 mg 3 times / day multiple, ophthalmic Recommended Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Route: ophthalmic Route: multiple Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sources: |
Other AEs: Hypersensitivity, Eyelids itchy sensation of... Other AEs: Hypersensitivity Sources: Eyelids itchy sensation of Swelling Redness of eyelid conjunctiva |
1.5 mg/kg 3 times / day multiple, intramuscular Dose: 1.5 mg/kg, 3 times / day Route: intramuscular Route: multiple Dose: 1.5 mg/kg, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, adult |
|
2 mg/kg single, intraperitoneal Dose: 2 mg/kg Route: intraperitoneal Route: single Dose: 2 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy, adult |
AEs
AE | Significance | Dose | Population |
---|---|---|---|
Rales | 19% | 300 mg 2 times / day multiple, respiratory Recommended Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, >6 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: >6 years Sex: M+F Sources: |
Forced expiratory volume decreased | 31% | 300 mg 2 times / day multiple, respiratory Recommended Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, >6 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: >6 years Sex: M+F Sources: |
Wheezing | 5% | 300 mg 2 times / day multiple, respiratory Recommended Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, >6 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: >6 years Sex: M+F Sources: |
Dysphonia | 6% | 300 mg 2 times / day multiple, respiratory Recommended Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, >6 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: >6 years Sex: M+F Sources: |
Red blood cell sedimentation rate increased | 8% | 300 mg 2 times / day multiple, respiratory Recommended Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, >6 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: >6 years Sex: M+F Sources: |
Eyelids itchy sensation of | 3 mg 3 times / day multiple, ophthalmic Recommended Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Route: ophthalmic Route: multiple Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sources: |
|
Hypersensitivity | 3 mg 3 times / day multiple, ophthalmic Recommended Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Route: ophthalmic Route: multiple Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sources: |
|
Redness of eyelid conjunctiva | 3 mg 3 times / day multiple, ophthalmic Recommended Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Route: ophthalmic Route: multiple Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sources: |
|
Swelling | 3 mg 3 times / day multiple, ophthalmic Recommended Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Route: ophthalmic Route: multiple Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sources: |
Overview
CYP3A4 | CYP2C9 | CYP2D6 | hERG |
---|---|---|---|
OverviewOther
Other Inhibitor | Other Substrate | Other Inducer |
---|---|---|
Drug as perpetrator
Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|
Page: 8.0 |
minor | |||
Page: 8.0 |
minor | |||
Page: 8.0 |
minor | |||
Page: 7.0 |
no | |||
Page: 8.0 |
no | |||
Page: 1612.0 |
no | |||
Page: 7.0 |
yes | |||
Page: 7.0 |
yes |
Drug as victim
Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|
Page: 2908.0 |
yes |
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
---|---|---|
Ototoxicity of tobramycin: a clinical overview. | 1976 Aug |
|
Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of guanidinoglycosides. | 2000 Dec 29 |
|
Removal of Foscarnet by hemodialysis using dialysate-side values. | 2000 Mar |
|
The effect of apramycin on colonization of pathogenic Escherichia coli in the intestinal tract of chicks. | 2001 Apr |
|
Fungal keratitis in a daily disposable soft contact lens wearer. | 2001 Apr |
|
Infectious crystalline keratopathy in an immunosuppressed patient. | 2001 Apr |
|
Individualized pharmacokinetic monitoring results in less aminoglycoside-associated nephrotoxicity and fewer associated costs. | 2001 Apr |
|
[Mupirocin resistant MRSA in Japan]. | 2001 Apr |
|
Effect of size and disease on estimated deposition of drugs administered using jet nebulization in children with cystic fibrosis. | 2001 Apr |
|
The role of nebulized antibiotics in treating serious respiratory infections. | 2001 Aug |
|
Prevalence and analysis of risk factors for infections caused by resistant Escherichia coli strains in Anhui, China. | 2001 Aug |
|
In vitro elution of tobramycin from bioabsorbable polycaprolactone beads. | 2001 Aug |
|
[Antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in urban experience: 6 month study in Aquitaine]. | 2001 Feb |
|
Yersinia enterocolitica infection with multiple liver abscesses uncovering a primary hemochromatosis. | 2001 Feb |
|
Antibacterial activity of 41 antimicrobials tested against over 2773 bacterial isolates from hospitalized patients with pneumonia: I--results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (North America, 1998). | 2001 Feb |
|
Disseminated Pseudomonas aeruginosa and necrotizing pneumonia with complete recovery. | 2001 Feb |
|
[Effect of subinhibitory levels of aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolines on hydrophobicity and motility of Serratia marcescens]. | 2001 Feb |
|
Role of bronchoalveolar lavage in immunocompromised patients with pneumonia treated with a broad spectrum antibiotic and antifungal regimen. | 2001 Feb |
|
Changes in strategies for optimal antibacterial therapy in cystic fibrosis. | 2001 Feb |
|
[Pacemaker-cable endocarditis and spondylodiscitis caused by Citrobacter koseri. Conservative treatment]. | 2001 Jan |
|
[Acute pyelonephritis. Randomized multicenter double-blind study comparing ciprofloxacin with combined ciprofloxacin and tobramycin]. | 2001 Jan 13 |
|
Aminoglycosides in cystic fibrosis: a descriptive study of current practice in Australia. | 2001 Jan-Feb |
|
Perioperative microbiologic profile of the conjunctiva in photorefractive keratectomy. | 2001 Jan-Feb |
|
Recent advances in cystic fibrosis. | 2001 Jul |
|
Antibiotic therapy in intra-abdominal infections--a review on randomised clinical trials. | 2001 Jul 30 |
|
Effective bactericidal activity of tobramycin and vancomycin eluted from acrylic bone cement. | 2001 Jun |
|
Changing antibiotic sensitivity patterns at a university hospital, 1992 through 1999. | 2001 Jun |
|
Continuous versus intermittent administration of ceftazidime in intensive care unit patients with nosocomial pneumonia. | 2001 Jun |
|
Ultraviolet recall-like phenomenon occurring after piperacillin, tobramycin, and ciprofloxacin therapy. | 2001 Jun |
|
Population kinetics of tobramycin in neonates. | 2001 Jun |
|
Mucositis reduction by selective elimination of oral flora in irradiated cancers of the head and neck: a placebo-controlled double-blind randomized study. | 2001 Jun 1 |
|
Effect of some fractions of alveolar surfactant (phospholipids and SP-A) on the bactericidal activity of different antimicrobials against some respiratory pathogens. | 2001 Mar |
|
Aminoglycoside ototoxicity. | 2001 Mar |
|
Cystic fibrosis. | 2001 Mar |
|
Management of corneal epithelial defects following laser in situ keratomileusis. | 2001 Mar-Apr |
|
In vitro susceptibilities to topical antibiotics of bacteria isolated from the surface of clinically symptomatic eyes. | 2001 Mar-Apr |
|
[Functional characterization of a multiple-antibiotic resistant plasmid from clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus]. | 2001 May |
|
Transmucosal transport of tobramycin incorporated in solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) after duodenal administration to rats. Part II--tissue distribution. | 2001 May |
|
Cost-effectiveness of ceftazidime by continuous infusion versus intermittent infusion for nosocomial pneumonia. | 2001 May |
|
In vitro characteristics of tobramycin aerosol from ultrasonic and jet nebulizers. | 2001 May |
|
Efficacy of once-daily tobramycin monotherapy for acute pulmonary exacerbations of cystic fibrosis: a preliminary study. | 2001 May |
|
Epidemiologic Study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in critical patients and reservoirs. | 2001 May-Jun |
|
A comparison of cortisporin and ciprofloxacin otic drops as prophylaxis against post-tympanostomy otorrhea. | 2001 Nov 1 |
|
Aminoglycoside binding to human and bacterial A-Site rRNA decoding region constructs. | 2001 Oct |
|
Gene expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. | 2001 Oct 25 |
|
[Survey of the antibiotic sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in France and the distribution of beta-lactam resistance mechanisms: the GERPB 1999 study]. | 2001 Sep |
|
Microbiological and immunologic considerations with aerosolized drug delivery. | 2001 Sep |
|
Evaluating possible pharmacokinetic interactions between tobramycin, piperacillin, and a combination of piperacillin and tazobactam in patients with various degrees of renal impairment. | 2001 Sep |
|
Effect of inhaled tobramycin on early Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonisation in patients with cystic fibrosis. | 2001 Sep 22 |
|
Aerosols and anti-infectious agents. | 2001 Spring |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
In Vivo Use Guide
Curator's Comment: Tobramycin does not pass the gastro-intestinal tract, so for systemic use it can only be given intravenously or intramuscularly http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/063111s014lbl.pdf. Dosage is different for different infections. Ophthalmic route of administration is also possible, as indicated here http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.DrugDetails or for TOBREX http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/050541s024lbl.pdf
KITABIS PAK is a co-packaging of tobramycin inhalation solution ampules with a PARI LC PLUS Reusable Nebulizer. Administer as follows: One single-use ampule (300 mg /5 mL) of tobramycin inhalation solution twice a day by oral inhalation in alternating periods of 28 days on drug, followed by 28 days off drug. The 300 mg/5mL dose of tobramycin inhalation solution is the same for all patients regardless of age or weight. The doses should be taken as close to 12 hours apart as possible; they should not be taken less than 6 hours apart.
Route of Administration:
Respiratory
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=11112146
Curator's Comment: Low dose tobramycin (4 ug/ml) as a single agent was bactericidal against only 16% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates; however, 72% of isolates were killed with high-dose tobramycin (200 ug/ml).
High-dose tobramycin (200 ug/ml) killed 72% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates
Substance Class |
Chemical
Created
by
admin
on
Edited
Mon Mar 31 18:25:30 GMT 2025
by
admin
on
Mon Mar 31 18:25:30 GMT 2025
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Record UNII |
HJT0RXD7JK
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Record Status |
Validated (UNII)
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Record Version |
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Classification Tree | Code System | Code | ||
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FDA ORPHAN DRUG |
536416
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C2363
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11954252
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79645-27-5
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m10917
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DTXSID50964441
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CHEMBL1747
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256-499-2
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C893
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DBSALT000317
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ACTIVE MOIETY |