Details
| Stereochemistry | ABSOLUTE |
| Molecular Formula | 2C18H37N5O9.5H2O4S |
| Molecular Weight | 1425.421 |
| Optical Activity | UNSPECIFIED |
| Defined Stereocenters | 28 / 28 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
OS(O)(=O)=O.OS(O)(=O)=O.OS(O)(=O)=O.OS(O)(=O)=O.OS(O)(=O)=O.NC[C@H]1O[C@H](O[C@@H]2[C@@H](N)C[C@@H](N)[C@H](O[C@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](N)[C@H]3O)[C@H]2O)[C@H](N)C[C@@H]1O.NC[C@H]4O[C@H](O[C@@H]5[C@@H](N)C[C@@H](N)[C@H](O[C@H]6O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](N)[C@H]6O)[C@H]5O)[C@H](N)C[C@@H]4O
InChI
InChIKey=NZKFUBQRAWPZJP-BXKLGIMVSA-N
InChI=1S/2C18H37N5O9.5H2O4S/c2*19-3-9-8(25)2-7(22)17(29-9)31-15-5(20)1-6(21)16(14(15)28)32-18-13(27)11(23)12(26)10(4-24)30-18;5*1-5(2,3)4/h2*5-18,24-28H,1-4,19-23H2;5*(H2,1,2,3,4)/t2*5-,6+,7+,8-,9+,10+,11-,12+,13+,14-,15+,16-,17+,18+;;;;;/m00...../s1
| Molecular Formula | H2O4S |
| Molecular Weight | 98.078 |
| Charge | 0 |
| Count |
|
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Additional Stereochemistry | No |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
| Molecular Formula | C18H37N5O9 |
| Molecular Weight | 467.5145 |
| Charge | 0 |
| Count |
|
| Stereochemistry | ABSOLUTE |
| Additional Stereochemistry | No |
| Defined Stereocenters | 14 / 14 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Optical Activity | UNSPECIFIED |
DescriptionCurator's Comment: Description was created based on several resourses, including http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00684
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several resourses, including http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00684
Tobramycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic obtained from cultures of Streptomyces tenebrarius, it is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the pseudomonas species. Tobramycin is used in combination with other antibiotics to treat urinary tract infections, gynecologic infections, peritonitis, endocarditis, pneumonia, bacteremia and sepsis, respiratory infections including those associated with cystic fibrosis, osteomyelitis, and diabetic foot and other soft-tissue infections. It acts primarily by disrupting protein synthesis, leading to altered cell membrane permeability, progressive disruption of the cell envelope, and eventual cell death. Tobramycin has in vitro activity against a wide range of gram-negative organisms including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Tobramycin binds irreversibly to one of two aminoglycoside binding sites on the 30 S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Tobramycin may also destabilize bacterial memebrane by binding to 16 S 16 S r-RNA. An active transport mechanism for aminoglycoside uptake is necessary in the bacteria in order to attain a significant intracellular concentration of tobramycin. KITABIS PAK (co-packaging of tobramycin inhalation solution and PARI LC PLUS Reusable Nebulizer) is indicated for the management of cystic fibrosis in adults and pediatric patients 6 years of age and older with P. aeruginosa.
CNS Activity
Sources: https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/237996
Curator's Comment: Poor penetrability of tobramycin through the blood-CSF barrier was shown.
Originator
Sources: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=4208289
Curator's Comment: Tobramycin is the generic ingredient in eleven branded drugs marketed by Amneal Pharms, Chiesi Usa Inc, Akorn Inc, Fera Pharms, Pulmoflow Inc, Alcon, Alcon Labs Inc, Bausch And Lomb, Novartis Pharms, Alcon Pharms Ltd, Apotex Inc, Novartis, Teva Pharms Usa, Akorn, Lilly, Mylan Labs Ltd, Hospira, Hikma Maple , X Gen Pharms, Igi Labs Inc, Fresenius Kabi Usa, Apothecon, Watson Labs Inc, and Xellia Pharms Aps, and is included in forty-five NDAs. Nebramycin, an antibiotic complex of at least seven factors, was first described in 1967 by Stark et al.
Approval Year
Targets
| Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
|---|---|---|---|
Target ID: CHEMBL1641336 Sources: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00684#targets |
9.0 µM [IC50] |
Conditions
| Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Curative | TOBREX Approved Useexternal infections of the eye Launch Date1980 |
|||
| Primary | KITABIS PAK Approved Usecystic fibrosis Launch Date2014 |
Cmax
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
3.7 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4208289/ |
80 mg single, intramuscular dose: 80 mg route of administration: Intramuscular experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
TOBRAMYCIN plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
|
814 μg/mL |
300 mg single, respiratory dose: 300 mg route of administration: Respiratory experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
TOBRAMYCIN sputum | Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
AUC
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
11.6 μg × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4208289/ |
80 mg single, intramuscular dose: 80 mg route of administration: Intramuscular experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
TOBRAMYCIN plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
T1/2
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1.6 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4208289/ |
80 mg single, intramuscular dose: 80 mg route of administration: Intramuscular experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
TOBRAMYCIN plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
|
4.4 h |
300 mg single, respiratory dose: 300 mg route of administration: Respiratory experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
TOBRAMYCIN sputum | Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
Funbound
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
100% |
300 mg single, respiratory dose: 300 mg route of administration: Respiratory experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
TOBRAMYCIN sputum | Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
Doses
| Dose | Population | Adverse events |
|---|---|---|
12 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intravenous Highest studied dose Dose: 12 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 12 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 2 months - 27 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 2 months - 27 years Sources: |
|
300 mg 2 times / day multiple, respiratory Recommended Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, >6 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: >6 years Sex: M+F Sources: |
Other AEs: Forced expiratory volume decreased, Rales... Other AEs: Forced expiratory volume decreased (31%) Sources: Rales (19%) Red blood cell sedimentation rate increased (8%) Dysphonia (6%) Wheezing (5%) |
3 mg 3 times / day multiple, ophthalmic Recommended Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Route: ophthalmic Route: multiple Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sources: |
Other AEs: Hypersensitivity, Eyelids itchy sensation of... Other AEs: Hypersensitivity Sources: Eyelids itchy sensation of Swelling Redness of eyelid conjunctiva |
1.5 mg/kg 3 times / day multiple, intramuscular Dose: 1.5 mg/kg, 3 times / day Route: intramuscular Route: multiple Dose: 1.5 mg/kg, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, adult |
|
2 mg/kg single, intraperitoneal Dose: 2 mg/kg Route: intraperitoneal Route: single Dose: 2 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy, adult |
AEs
| AE | Significance | Dose | Population |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rales | 19% | 300 mg 2 times / day multiple, respiratory Recommended Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, >6 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: >6 years Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Forced expiratory volume decreased | 31% | 300 mg 2 times / day multiple, respiratory Recommended Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, >6 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: >6 years Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Wheezing | 5% | 300 mg 2 times / day multiple, respiratory Recommended Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, >6 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: >6 years Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Dysphonia | 6% | 300 mg 2 times / day multiple, respiratory Recommended Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, >6 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: >6 years Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Red blood cell sedimentation rate increased | 8% | 300 mg 2 times / day multiple, respiratory Recommended Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 2 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, >6 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: >6 years Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Eyelids itchy sensation of | 3 mg 3 times / day multiple, ophthalmic Recommended Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Route: ophthalmic Route: multiple Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sources: |
|
| Hypersensitivity | 3 mg 3 times / day multiple, ophthalmic Recommended Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Route: ophthalmic Route: multiple Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sources: |
|
| Redness of eyelid conjunctiva | 3 mg 3 times / day multiple, ophthalmic Recommended Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Route: ophthalmic Route: multiple Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sources: |
|
| Swelling | 3 mg 3 times / day multiple, ophthalmic Recommended Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Route: ophthalmic Route: multiple Dose: 3 mg, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sources: |
Overview
| CYP3A4 | CYP2C9 | CYP2D6 | hERG |
|---|---|---|---|
OverviewOther
| Other Inhibitor | Other Substrate | Other Inducer |
|---|---|---|
Drug as perpetrator
| Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Page: 8.0 |
minor | |||
Page: 8.0 |
minor | |||
Page: 8.0 |
minor | |||
Page: 7.0 |
no | |||
Page: 8.0 |
no | |||
Page: 1612.0 |
no | |||
Page: 7.0 |
yes | |||
Page: 7.0 |
yes |
Drug as victim
| Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Page: 2908.0 |
yes |
PubMed
| Title | Date | PubMed |
|---|---|---|
| A comparison of cortisporin and ciprofloxacin otic drops as prophylaxis against post-tympanostomy otorrhea. | 2001-11-01 |
|
| Gene expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. | 2001-10-25 |
|
| High-rising terminals and fall-rise tunes in Australian English. | 2001-10-20 |
|
| Serum and lower respiratory tract drug concentrations after tobramycin inhalation in young children with cystic fibrosis. | 2001-10 |
|
| The treatment of cystic fibrosis--step by step. | 2001-10 |
|
| Effects of antibiotics on morphologic characteristics and migration of canine corneal epithelial cells in tissue culture. | 2001-10 |
|
| Bacillus cereus keratitis associated with contact lens wear. | 2001-10 |
|
| Efficacy and safety of aerosolized tobramycin in cystic fibrosis. | 2001-10 |
|
| Genotypic characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains recovered from patients with cystic fibrosis after initial and subsequent colonization. | 2001-10 |
|
| Aminoglycoside binding to human and bacterial A-Site rRNA decoding region constructs. | 2001-10 |
|
| Effect of inhaled tobramycin on early Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonisation in patients with cystic fibrosis. | 2001-09-22 |
|
| The changing nature of aminoglycoside resistance mechanisms and prevalence of newly recognized resistance mechanisms in Turkey. | 2001-09 |
|
| Isolation and culture of airway epithelial cells from chronically infected human lungs. | 2001-09 |
|
| [Survey of the antibiotic sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in France and the distribution of beta-lactam resistance mechanisms: the GERPB 1999 study]. | 2001-09 |
|
| Reduction in gram-positive pneumonia and antibiotic consumption following the use of a SDD protocol including nasal and oral mupirocin. | 2001-09 |
|
| Recovery from vestibular ototoxicity. | 2001-09 |
|
| Defining a pulmonary exacerbation in cystic fibrosis. | 2001-09 |
|
| A simple infection model using pre-colonized implants to reproduce rat chronic Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis and study antibiotic treatment. | 2001-09 |
|
| Treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis refractory to other treatments with topical antibiotic therapy delivered by means of a large-particle nebulizer: results of a controlled trial. | 2001-09 |
|
| Microbiological and immunologic considerations with aerosolized drug delivery. | 2001-09 |
|
| Treatment With tobramycin solution for inhalation in bronchiectasis patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. | 2001-09 |
|
| Administration of aerosolized antibiotics in cystic fibrosis patients. | 2001-09 |
|
| Evaluating possible pharmacokinetic interactions between tobramycin, piperacillin, and a combination of piperacillin and tazobactam in patients with various degrees of renal impairment. | 2001-09 |
|
| Characterization of paired mucoid/non-mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from Danish cystic fibrosis patients: antibiotic resistance, beta-lactamase activity and RiboPrinting. | 2001-09 |
|
| Aminoglycosides in cystic fibrosis: a descriptive study of current practice in Australia. | 2001-08-02 |
|
| The role of nebulized antibiotics in treating serious respiratory infections. | 2001-08 |
|
| Crystal structure of paromomycin docked into the eubacterial ribosomal decoding A site. | 2001-08 |
|
| Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of aztreonam and tobramycin in hospitalized patients. | 2001-08 |
|
| Mycobacterium keratitis following hyperopic laser in situ keratomileusis. | 2001-08 |
|
| Prevalence and analysis of risk factors for infections caused by resistant Escherichia coli strains in Anhui, China. | 2001-08 |
|
| In vitro elution of tobramycin from bioabsorbable polycaprolactone beads. | 2001-08 |
|
| Serratia Marcescens corneal ulcer as a complication of orthokeratology. | 2001-08 |
|
| Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in severely burned pediatric patients. | 2001-08 |
|
| Antibiotic therapy in intra-abdominal infections--a review on randomised clinical trials. | 2001-07-30 |
|
| Some 3-thioxo/alkylthio-1,2,4-triazoles with a substituted thiourea moiety as possible antimycobacterials. | 2001-07-09 |
|
| [Susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory infectious diseases to antibiotics (1999)]. | 2001-07 |
|
| Drug interference in clinical chemistry: recommendation of drugs and their concentrations to be used in drug interference studies. | 2001-07 |
|
| Recent advances in cystic fibrosis. | 2001-07 |
|
| In vitro selection of RNA against kanamycin B. | 2001-06-30 |
|
| Tobramycin (Cystic Fibrosis Foundation/PathoGenesis). | 2001-06 |
|
| Effective bactericidal activity of tobramycin and vancomycin eluted from acrylic bone cement. | 2001-06 |
|
| Clinical observation and treatment of leptospirosis. | 2001-06 |
|
| Changing antibiotic sensitivity patterns at a university hospital, 1992 through 1999. | 2001-06 |
|
| [Cloning of the sugar related biosynthesis gene cluster from Streptomyces tenebrarius H6]. | 2001-05 |
|
| Natural antibiotic susceptibility of recently established coryneform bacteria. | 2001-05 |
|
| [Functional characterization of a multiple-antibiotic resistant plasmid from clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus]. | 2001-05 |
|
| Risk of endotoxemia during the initial phase of gut decontamination with antimicrobial agents. | 2001-03 |
|
| New and emerging therapies for pulmonary complications of cystic fibrosis. | 2001 |
|
| Aerosols and anti-infectious agents. | 2001 |
|
| Outbreak caused by tobramycin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a bone marrow transplantation unit. | 2001 |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
In Vivo Use Guide
Curator's Comment: Tobramycin does not pass the gastro-intestinal tract, so for systemic use it can only be given intravenously or intramuscularly http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/063111s014lbl.pdf. Dosage is different for different infections. Ophthalmic route of administration is also possible, as indicated here http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.DrugDetails or for TOBREX http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/050541s024lbl.pdf
KITABIS PAK is a co-packaging of tobramycin inhalation solution ampules with a PARI LC PLUS Reusable Nebulizer. Administer as follows: One single-use ampule (300 mg /5 mL) of tobramycin inhalation solution twice a day by oral inhalation in alternating periods of 28 days on drug, followed by 28 days off drug. The 300 mg/5mL dose of tobramycin inhalation solution is the same for all patients regardless of age or weight. The doses should be taken as close to 12 hours apart as possible; they should not be taken less than 6 hours apart.
Route of Administration:
Respiratory
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=11112146
Curator's Comment: Low dose tobramycin (4 ug/ml) as a single agent was bactericidal against only 16% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates; however, 72% of isolates were killed with high-dose tobramycin (200 ug/ml).
High-dose tobramycin (200 ug/ml) killed 72% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates
| Substance Class |
Chemical
Created
by
admin
on
Edited
Mon Mar 31 18:25:30 GMT 2025
by
admin
on
Mon Mar 31 18:25:30 GMT 2025
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| Record UNII |
HJT0RXD7JK
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| Record Status |
Validated (UNII)
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| Record Version |
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| Classification Tree | Code System | Code | ||
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FDA ORPHAN DRUG |
536416
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C2363
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HJT0RXD7JK
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11954252
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79645-27-5
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m10917
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DTXSID50964441
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49842-07-1
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HJT0RXD7JK
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CHEMBL1747
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256-499-2
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C893
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100000091585
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7276
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DBSALT000317
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ACTIVE MOIETY |