Details
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Molecular Formula | C21H15F4N5O2S |
Molecular Weight | 477.435 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
CNC(=O)C1=CC=C(C=C1F)N2C(=S)N(C(=O)C23CCC3)C4=CC(=C(N=C4)C#N)C(F)(F)F
InChI
InChIKey=HJBWBFZLDZWPHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/C21H15F4N5O2S/c1-27-17(31)13-4-3-11(8-15(13)22)30-19(33)29(18(32)20(30)5-2-6-20)12-7-14(21(23,24)25)16(9-26)28-10-12/h3-4,7-8,10H,2,5-6H2,1H3,(H,27,31)
Molecular Formula | C21H15F4N5O2S |
Molecular Weight | 477.435 |
Charge | 0 |
Count |
|
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Additional Stereochemistry | No |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
DescriptionSources: http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800032695Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including
https://newdrugapprovals.org/2016/03/11/18141/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22266222
Sources: http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800032695
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including
https://newdrugapprovals.org/2016/03/11/18141/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22266222
Apalutamide (developmental code name ARN-509) is a selective and competitive androgen receptor inhibitor with IC50 of 16 nM, useful for prostate cancer treatment. Apalutamide binds to AR in target tissues thereby preventing androgen-induced receptor activation and facilitating the formation of inactive complexes that cannot be translocated to the nucleus. This prevents binding to and transcription of AR-responsive genes. This ultimately inhibits the expression of genes that regulate prostate cancer cell proliferation and may lead to an inhibition of cell growth in AR-expressing tumor cells. Apalutamide is currently in phase III clinical trials for castration-resistant prostate cancer.
CNS Activity
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27302572 https://newdrugapprovals.org/2016/03/11/18141/
Curator's Comment: Weak penetration "Apalutamide has less blood–brain barrier penetration,at least in preclinical studies, which might reduce seizures that are associated with anti-androgens binding to the GABA-A receptor in the brain"
weak CNS effect "Apalutamide binds weakly to the GABAA receptor"
Originator
Approval Year
Targets
Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
---|---|---|---|
Target ID: CHEMBL1871 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22266222 |
16.0 nM [IC50] |
Conditions
Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary | ERLEADA Approved UseERLEADA is an androgen receptor inhibitor indicated for the treatment of patients with non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Launch Date2018 |
Cmax
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
6 μg/mL |
240 mg 1 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 240 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered: |
APALUTAMIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
AUC
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
100 μg × h/mL |
240 mg 1 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 240 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered: |
APALUTAMIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
T1/2
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
72 h |
240 mg 1 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 240 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered: |
APALUTAMIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
Funbound
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
4% |
240 mg 1 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 240 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered: |
APALUTAMIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
Doses
Dose | Population | Adverse events |
---|---|---|
480 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 480 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 480 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 68 years (range: 45 - 81 yers) n = 3 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: castration-resistant prostate cancer Age Group: 68 years (range: 45 - 81 yers) Sex: M Population Size: 3 Sources: |
|
300 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 68 years (range: 45 - 81 yers) n = 5 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: castration-resistant prostate cancer Age Group: 68 years (range: 45 - 81 yers) Sex: M Population Size: 5 Sources: |
DLT: Abdominal pain... Dose limiting toxicities: Abdominal pain (grade 3, 1 patient) Sources: |
240 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended|MTD Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 74 years (range: 48-97 years) n = 803 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Sex: M Population Size: 803 Sources: |
Disc. AE: Rash, Rash... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Rash (3%) Sources: Rash (>1) Diarrhea (>1) Fatigue (>1) Nausea (>1) Vomiting (>1) Hypertension (>1) Hematuria (>1) |
240 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended|MTD Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p. 130 |
unhealthy, 74 years (range: 48-97 years) n = 803 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Sex: M Population Size: 803 Sources: Page: p. 130 |
Disc. AE: Fatigue, Decreased appetite... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Fatigue (1%) Sources: Page: p. 130Decreased appetite (0.7%) Weight decreased (0.7%) |
AEs
AE | Significance | Dose | Population |
---|---|---|---|
Abdominal pain | grade 3, 1 patient DLT, Disc. AE |
300 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 68 years (range: 45 - 81 yers) n = 5 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: castration-resistant prostate cancer Age Group: 68 years (range: 45 - 81 yers) Sex: M Population Size: 5 Sources: |
Rash | 3% Disc. AE |
240 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended|MTD Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 74 years (range: 48-97 years) n = 803 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Sex: M Population Size: 803 Sources: |
Diarrhea | >1 Disc. AE |
240 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended|MTD Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 74 years (range: 48-97 years) n = 803 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Sex: M Population Size: 803 Sources: |
Fatigue | >1 Disc. AE |
240 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended|MTD Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 74 years (range: 48-97 years) n = 803 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Sex: M Population Size: 803 Sources: |
Hematuria | >1 Disc. AE |
240 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended|MTD Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 74 years (range: 48-97 years) n = 803 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Sex: M Population Size: 803 Sources: |
Hypertension | >1 Disc. AE |
240 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended|MTD Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 74 years (range: 48-97 years) n = 803 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Sex: M Population Size: 803 Sources: |
Nausea | >1 Disc. AE |
240 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended|MTD Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 74 years (range: 48-97 years) n = 803 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Sex: M Population Size: 803 Sources: |
Rash | >1 Disc. AE |
240 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended|MTD Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 74 years (range: 48-97 years) n = 803 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Sex: M Population Size: 803 Sources: |
Vomiting | >1 Disc. AE |
240 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended|MTD Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 74 years (range: 48-97 years) n = 803 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Sex: M Population Size: 803 Sources: |
Decreased appetite | 0.7% Disc. AE |
240 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended|MTD Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p. 130 |
unhealthy, 74 years (range: 48-97 years) n = 803 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Sex: M Population Size: 803 Sources: Page: p. 130 |
Weight decreased | 0.7% Disc. AE |
240 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended|MTD Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p. 130 |
unhealthy, 74 years (range: 48-97 years) n = 803 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Sex: M Population Size: 803 Sources: Page: p. 130 |
Fatigue | 1% Disc. AE |
240 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended|MTD Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 240 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p. 130 |
unhealthy, 74 years (range: 48-97 years) n = 803 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 74 years (range: 48-97 years) Sex: M Population Size: 803 Sources: Page: p. 130 |
Overview
CYP3A4 | CYP2C9 | CYP2D6 | hERG |
---|---|---|---|
Drug as perpetrator
Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|
yes [IC50 12 uM] | ||||
yes [IC50 13.8 uM] | ||||
yes [IC50 27.2 uM] | ||||
yes [IC50 37.9 uM] | ||||
yes [IC50 4.8 uM] | ||||
yes [IC50 7.6 uM] | ||||
yes [Ki 0.3 uM] | ||||
yes [Ki 27 uM] | ||||
yes [Ki 28 uM] | ||||
yes [Ki 33.5 uM] | ||||
yes | ||||
yes | ||||
yes | ||||
yes | ||||
yes | ||||
yes | ||||
yes | ||||
yes | ||||
yes | ||||
yes | ||||
yes | ||||
yes | ||||
yes | ||||
yes | yes (co-administration study) Comment: co-administration of apalutamide 240 QD with single oral doses of sensitive transporter substrates resulted in a 30% decrease in the AUC of fexofenadine (a P-gp substrate) and 41% decrease in the AUC of rosuvastatin (a BCRP/OATP1B1 substrate). Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2018/210951Orig1s000MultidisciplineR.pdf#page=66 Page: 66.0 |
|||
yes | yes (co-administration study) Comment: co-administration of apalutamide 240 QD with single oral doses of sensitive transporter substrates resulted in a 30% decrease in the AUC of fexofenadine (a P-gp substrate) and 41% decrease in the AUC of rosuvastatin (a BCRP/OATP1B1 substrate). Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2018/210951Orig1s000MultidisciplineR.pdf#page=66 Page: 66.0 |
|||
yes | yes (co-administration study) Comment: co-administration of apalutamide 240 QD with single oral doses of sensitive transporter substrates resulted in a 30% decrease in the AUC of fexofenadine (a P-gp substrate) and 41% decrease in the AUC of rosuvastatin (a BCRP/OATP1B1 substrate). Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2018/210951Orig1s000MultidisciplineR.pdf#page=66 Page: 66.0 |
Drug as victim
Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|
major | ||||
yes | ||||
yes | ||||
yes | yes (co-administration study) Comment: In a dedicated drug-interaction study 1012, concomitant itraconazole (a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor) decreased a single dose apalutamide's Cmax by 22 % without AUC change. Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2018/210951Orig1s000MultidisciplineR.pdf#page=66 Page: 66.0 |
Tox targets
Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
---|---|---|
ARN-509: a novel antiandrogen for prostate cancer treatment. | 2012 Mar 15 |
|
New agents for prostate cancer. | 2014 Sep |
|
Phase 2 Study of the Safety and Antitumor Activity of Apalutamide (ARN-509), a Potent Androgen Receptor Antagonist, in the High-risk Nonmetastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer Cohort. | 2016 Dec |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
The recommended dose of ERLEADA (apalutamide) is 240 mg (four 60 mg tablets) administered orally once daily. Swallow the tablets whole. ERLEADA can be taken with or without food.
Route of Administration:
Oral
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22266222
APALUTAMIDE binds AR with IC50 16 nM
Substance Class |
Chemical
Created
by
admin
on
Edited
Sat Dec 16 04:48:59 GMT 2023
by
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Sat Dec 16 04:48:59 GMT 2023
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Record UNII |
4T36H88UA7
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Validated (UNII)
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C146993
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Apalutamide
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Related Record | Type | Details | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
TRANSPORTER -> INHIBITOR |
IC50
|
||
|
TRANSPORTER -> INHIBITOR |
IC50
|
||
|
METABOLIC ENZYME -> SUBSTRATE | |||
|
CUMULATIVE EXCRETION |
URINE
|
||
|
BINDER->LIGAND |
BINDING
|
||
|
CUMULATIVE EXCRETION |
FECAL
|
||
|
TRANSPORTER -> INHIBITOR |
IC50
|
||
|
OFF-TARGET->INHIBITOR |
OFF-TARGET ACTIVITY: INHIBITING LIGAND BINDING TO THE GABAA CHLORIDE ION CHANNEL
|
||
|
METABOLIC ENZYME -> INDUCER |
, coadministration of omeprazole, a CYP2C19 substrate, with multiple daily doses of 240 mg apalutamide decreased the omeprazole AUC by 85%
|
||
|
EXCRETED UNCHANGED |
FECAL
|
||
|
TARGET -> INHIBITOR |
The binding affinities of apalutamide to the ligand binding domains of AR and PR, and to full-length ERα and GR demonstrate that it is relatively selective for AR (
IC50
|
||
|
TRANSPORTER -> INHIBITOR |
IC50
|
||
|
EXCRETED UNCHANGED |
URINE
|
||
|
METABOLIC ENZYME -> INDUCER |
coadministration of S-warfarin, a CYP2C9 substrate, with multiple daily doses of 240 mg apalutamide decreased the S-warfarin AUC by 46%
|
||
|
METABOLIC ENZYME -> SUBSTRATE |
Due to CYP3A4 auto-induction, the contribution of CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 in the metabolism of apalutamide is estimated to be 58% and 13% following single dose but changes to 40% and 37%, respectively at steady-state.
|
||
|
OFF-TARGET->INHIBITOR |
IC50
|
||
|
METABOLIC ENZYME -> INDUCER |
coadministration of midazolam, a CYP3A4 substrate, with multiple daily doses of 240 mg apalutamide decreased the midazolam AUC by 92%
|
Related Record | Type | Details | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
METABOLITE -> PARENT |
PLASMA
|
||
|
METABOLITE -> PARENT |
FECAL; URINE
|
||
|
METABOLITE -> PARENT |
URINE
|
||
|
METABOLITE -> PARENT |
After oral administration of 240 mg of apalutamide in 0-1680 hours
URINE
|
||
|
METABOLITE -> PARENT |
TRACE
FECAL
|
||
|
METABOLITE -> PARENT |
after oral administration of 240 mg of apalutamide in 0-1680 hours
URINE
|
||
|
METABOLITE -> PARENT |
FECAL
|
||
|
METABOLITE -> PARENT |
After oral administration of 240 mg of apalutamide in 0-1680 hours
FECAL
|
||
|
METABOLITE ACTIVE -> PARENT |
Due to CYP3A4 auto-induction, the contribution of CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 in the metabolism of apalutamide is estimated to be 58% and 13% following single dose but changes to 40% and 37%, respectively at steady-state.
MAJOR
|
||
|
METABOLITE -> PARENT |
after oral administration of 240 mg of apalutamide in 0-1680 hours
FECAL
|
||
|
METABOLITE -> PARENT |
after oral administration of 240 mg of apalutamide in 0-1680 hours
URINE
|
||
|
METABOLITE -> PARENT |
After oral administration of 240 mg of apalutamide in 0-1680 hours
URINE
|
||
|
METABOLITE -> PARENT |
TRACE
URINE
|
||
|
METABOLITE INACTIVE -> PARENT |
after oral administration of 240 mg of apalutamide in 0-1680 hours
URINE
|
||
|
METABOLITE -> PARENT |
after oral administration of 240 mg of apalutamide in 0-1680 hours
URINE
|
||
|
METABOLITE -> PARENT |
after oral administration of 240 mg of apalutamide in 0-1680 hours
FECAL
|
||
|
METABOLITE ACTIVE -> PARENT |
Due to CYP3A4 auto-induction, the contribution of CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 in the metabolism of apalutamide is estimated to be 58% and 13% following single dose but changes to 40% and 37%, respectively at steady-state.
MAJOR
|
||
|
METABOLITE -> PARENT |
URINE
|
||
|
METABOLITE -> PARENT |
FECAL; URINE
|
||
|
METABOLITE -> PARENT |
TRACE
FECAL; URINE
|
||
|
METABOLITE -> PARENT |
after oral administration of 240 mg of apalutamide in 0-1680 hours
FECAL
|
||
|
METABOLITE -> PARENT |
URINE
|
Related Record | Type | Details | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
ACTIVE MOIETY |
Name | Property Type | Amount | Referenced Substance | Defining | Parameters | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Volume of Distribution | PHARMACOKINETIC |
|
ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION PHARMACOKINETIC PHARMACOKINETIC |
|
||
Biological Half-life | PHARMACOKINETIC |
|
ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION PHARMACOKINETIC PHARMACOKINETIC |
|
||
Cmax | PHARMACOKINETIC |
|
ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION PHARMACOKINETIC PHARMACOKINETIC |
|
||
Tmax | PHARMACOKINETIC |
|
ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION PHARMACOKINETIC PHARMACOKINETIC |
|
||
Tmax | PHARMACOKINETIC |
|
DOSE PHARMACOKINETIC PHARMACOKINETIC |
|
||