Daptomycin is a lipopeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of systemic and life-threatening infections caused by Gram-positive organisms. Daptomycin has a distinct mechanism of action, disrupting multiple aspects of bacterial cell membrane function. It inserts into the cell membrane in a phosphatidylglycerol-dependent fashion, where it then aggregates. The aggregation of daptomycin alters the curvature of the membrane, which creates holes that leak ions. This causes rapid depolarization, resulting in a loss of membrane potential leading to inhibition of protein, DNA, and RNA synthesis, which results in bacterial cell death. Daptomycin is bactericidal against Gram-positive bacteria only. It has proven in vitro activity against enterococci (including glycopeptide-resistant enterococci (GRE)), staphylococci (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), streptococci, corynebacteria and stationary-phase Borrelia burgdorferi persisters.

Linezolid is an antibiotic used for the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to other antibiotics. Linezolid appears to be unique in that it blocks the initiation of protein production. Most common adverse reactions include diarrhea, vomiting, headache, nausea, and anemia. Linezolid has the potential for interaction with adrenergic and serotonergic agents. And with monoamine oxidase inhibitors because it’s nonselective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase.

Fosfomycin (marketed under the trade names Monurol and Monuril) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic. Monurol (fosfomycin tromethamine) sachet contains fosfomycin tromethamine, a synthetic, broad spectrum, bactericidal antibiotic for oral administration. Monurol is indicated only for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (acute cystitis) in women due to susceptible strains of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. Fosfomycin is a phosphoenolpyruvate analogue produced by Streptomyces that irreversibly inhibits enolpyruvate transferase (MurA), which prevents the formation of N-acetylmuramic acid, an essential element of the peptidoglycan cell wall.

Methenamine is an antibacterial agent for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection. It can be used as methenamine hippurate or methenamine mandelate preparations and is United States Food and Drug Administration-approved. Methenamine exerts its activity because it is hydrolyzed to formaldehyde in acid urine.

Spectinomycin is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of acute gonorrheal urethritis and proctitis in the male and acute gonorrheal cervicitis and proctitis in the female when due to susceptible strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In vitro studies have shown spectinomycin to be active against most strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (minimum inhibitory concentration <7.5 to 20 mcg/mL). Footprint studies indicate that spectinomycin exerts regional effects on ribosomal structure. Spectinomycin hydrochloride is an inhibitor of protein synthesis in the bacterial cell; the site of action is the 30S ribosomal subunit. The antibiotic is not significantly bound to plasma protein. Spectinomycin was discovered 1961. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system. This antibiotic is no longer available in the United States. Pfizer has discontinued distribution of spectinomycin (Trobicin) in the U.S. The drug continues to be distributed outside the U.S.

Furaltadone is a veterinary product, which is marketed for the treatment and control of salmonella infection of poultry. In 1960th was investigated the antibacterial properties of this drug against human Rhodesian sleeping sickness. In three cases treated, two were apparently curated and the third relapsed. No toxic effects attributable to the product had been observed. However, the further investigation of the furaltadone in human was not provided.

Novobiocin (also known as streptonivicin) is an aminocoumarin antibiotic, active against Staphylococcus epidermidis. Novobiocin and other aminocoumarin antibiotics act as a potent competitive inhibitor of DNA gyrase B. The oral form of the drug was withdrawn from the market in 1999 due to safety or effectiveness reasons. Later it was discovered that novobiocin inhibited Hsp90 and topoisomerase II, and novobiocin was investigated in clinical trials against metastatic breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Topical form of novobiocin was investigated in combination with nalidixic acid for treatment of psoriasis.

Mandelic acid is an aromatic alpha hydroxy acid that is used for the treatment of urinary tract infections. The drug is marketed in Canada under the name Mandelamine (as a complex with methenamine). Mandelic acid exerts its antibacterial effect mainly by increasing urine acidity. Moreover, mandelic acid is used as a serum for the treatment of wrinkles.

Clofoctol [2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-4-(tetramethyl-1,1,3,3-butyl)phenol] is a synthetic antibacterial agent with bactericidal activity on various Gram-positive (especially S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae, but also Corynebacterium spp. and Propionibacterium acnes) and some Gram-negative bacteria (including Haemophilus influenzae, Bordetella spp., Neisseria meningitides, and Neisseria gonorrhea). A peculiar property of clofoctol is the rapidity of the antimicrobial effect, similar to that of antiseptic compounds, which makes the development of resistance less likely. Following rectal administration of clofoctol, absorption is rapid and nearly complete (about 98%), with a good penetration in the lung tissue. Clofoctol is primarily metabolized by hepatic glucuronidation and excreted through the biliary system; renal elimination is negligible. Clofoctol compound has been used mainly in France (under the trade name Octoplus ) and Italy (as Gramplus) for the treatment of mild upper respiratory tract infections, especially in pediatric patients

Xibornol [6-(isoborn-2-yl)-3,4 xylenol] is a highly lipophilic and poorly soluble drug used as spray mouthwash for the local treatment of infection and inflammation of the throat and in the dental care, due to both its bacteriostatic activity, mainly against Gram positive micro-organisms and its antiviral properties. The drug concentration required for the therapeutic activity is 3% (w/v). Its poor water solubility makes difficult to set up drug formulations based on aqueous solvents, so xibornol is at present commercially available only as spray aqueous suspension. The self-microemulsifying approach was found to be effective to formulate stable and pharmaceutically acceptable liquid spray formulations of xibornol. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and the minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of xibornol against 100 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, clinically isolated have been evaluated in range between 2 ug/ml and 8 ug/ml. In the patients treated with xibornol (500 mg every 8 h for 7 days) any modification in phagocytosis frequency (PMF), phagocytosis index (PHI), nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), reduction frequency (NRF), microbicidal activity and neutrophil mobility of PML, before, during and after the end of therapy wasn’t found.