Glutamic acid is a non-essential aminoacid used in biosynthesis of proteins. Besides being a building block of proteins, glutamic acid plays a principal role in neural activation. Glutamate is also responsible for the umami (savory) flavor of certain foods. In medicine, glutamate is used as a metabolic supplemnet in patients undergoing coronary surgery.

Pholedrine is a hydroxymethylamphetamine. It is a sympathimimetric drug of low toxicity, which is of great value in conditions of hypotonia, collapse, and circulatory depression. Pholedrine was reported on in 1937 by several investigators, who described its vasopressor action in animals as more potent than that of ephedrine. The drug is grouped with hydroxyamphetamine because of its similarity in structure and hemodynamic pattern. Pholedrine, in small doses, potentiates epinephrine, but in large doses blocks its pressor effect. Pholedrine applied as eye-drops produces mydriasis that is greatly attenuated by guanethidine pretreatment and diminished in patients with postganglionic sympathetic nerve lesions. It might be used to diagnose Horner's syndrome.

Sodium dehydrocholate is a hydrocholeretic and is used to study biliary excretion.

Hypophosphite is a strong reducing agent, that has been used in the 1850s as a remedy for pulmonary tuberculosis. Hypophosphites were used extensively in pharmaceutical preparations, elixirs, and tonics. Hypophosphite does not appear to have adverse toxicological effects, and the sodium, calcium, and potassium salts are considered GRAS. Hypophosphite use in foods may not be limited to one function. Hypophosphites have been used in foods as antioxidants, stabilizers, meat pickling accelerator, and vegetable protein flow inducer.

BORATE, a salt of boric acid, is used as a food additive in the European Union. This additive is authorized for use as preservatives of sturgeon eggs (caviar).

Gallic acid is a polyphenol found in a variety of foods and herbs. Several studies have shown thta gallic acid has neuroprotective and anti-oxidant properties and can be a promising candidate for the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, fatty liver disease and many others. Gallic acid acts by protecting cells against oxidative damage caused by reactive species often encountered in biological systems including, hydroxyl, superoxide and peroxyl and the non-radicals, hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid. However, its ability to induce apoptosis, is mainly associated with its prooxidant, rather than antioxidant behavior.

Linoleic acid is a naturally occurring omega-6 essential fatty acid, present in a variety of foods, including the oils. Linoleic acid is a precursor for arachidonic acid biosynthesis; on the first enzymatic step of the pathway involves delta-6-desaturase, which converts linoleic acid to gamma-lenolenic acid. Linoleic acid has beneficial effects on human skin and hair. Replacement of saturated fat with linoleic acid is advocated to improve serum lipoprotein profiles and reduce the risk of coronary artery disease. Linoleic acid was tested in clinical trilas as a possible remedy against multiple sclerosis.

Sodium 1,2-ethanedisulfonate dihydrate is salt of ethanedisulfonic acid. Ethanedisulfonic acid is used in pharmaceutical formulations of some antipsychotic compounds to form salts with the active ingredients, known as edisylates.