3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1-(4-methylphenyl)ethyl ester is an choleretic agent.

Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) is a selective inhibitor of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS), the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione (GSH) synthesis. In cancer cells, glutathione depletion significantly increased cytotoxicity via oxidative stress. In addition, in neuroblastoma cells susceptible to Buthionine sulfoximine treatment, DNA damage and cell apoptosis occurred via ROS production. Buthionine sulfoximine plus melphalan was effective in treatment for patients with recurrent/refractory neuroblastoma. Buthionine sulfoximine may also be used to increase the sensitivity of parasites to oxidative antiparasitic drugs. Buthionine sulfoximine has been shown to increase the efficacy of nifurtimox against T. cruzi and has also been shown to be an effective modulator of GSH-mediated chemoresistance by increasing the in vitro cytotoxicity of alkylating agents and radiation. Buthionine sulfoximine has been tested in animal studies and in human phase I trials for adults with solid tumors, with documented clinical responses in patients with melanoma, ovarian carcinoma and small cell carcinoma of the lung treated with the combination of Buthionine sulfoximine and melphalan.

Veledimex is an oral activator ligand for a proprietary gene therapy promoter system, and a moderate inhibitor of and substrate for CYP3A4/5. Veledimex controls the expression of the target gene. The amount of gene product produced by the system and the duration of the effect is dependent on veledimex dose level and duration of dosing. Nonclinical studies demonstrated that intratumoral administration of Ad-RTS-IL12 along with oral administration of veledimex elicited dose-dependent anti-tumor effects in murine melanoma, breast cancer and glioma models which correlated with increased plasma exposure of veledimex. The FDA granted Fast Track designation for Ad-RTS-hIL-12 plus veledimex for the treatment of recurrent or progressive glioblastoma multiforme in adults. Ad-RTS-hIL-12 is an inducible adenoviral vector encoding human pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12), which is under the transcriptional control of the RheoSwitch Therapeutic System. Veledixmex is an oral activator ligand. Data previously presented suggest that Ad-RTS-hIL-12 with 20 mg veledimex improves the median overall survival from 6 to 9 months seen with available therapies to 12.7 months, with further improvement in median overall survival to 17.8 months in a subset of subjects with reduced cumulative steroid exposure during the active dosing period of veledimex. Veledimex has been used in trials studying the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme, metastatic breast cancer, and anaplastic oligoastrocytoma.

Evodenoson (ATL-313) is an agonist of adenosine A2A receptor. It exerts anti-inflammatory activity through activation of adenosine A2A receptors on CD4+ T cells and neutrophils. Evodenoson demonstrates efficacy in animal models of sepsis, myocardial infarction, allograft rejection and enteritis.

Esuberaprost (314d) is an active enantiomer of beraprost, a prostacyclin analog. The pharmacologic action of esuberaprost is mediated by specifically binding to PGI2 receptors in smooth muscle cells (the blood vessel’s endothelium) and platelets. Upon binding, the compound widened blood vessels, preventing the formation of blood clots, and lowering blood pressure in the lungs. As a result, it was expected to improve the symptoms of pulmonary arterial hypertension. United Therapeutics announced it has ended its Phase 3 BEAT trial testing esuberaprost as an add-on therapy to its product Tyvaso (inhaled treprostinil) for clinically symptomatic patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). According to a company press release, the study failed to reach its main endpoint of delaying the time to first clinical worsening events.

Dioxaphetyl butyrate is a synthetic narcotic analgesic and spasmolytic agent that has no accepted medicinal value in the United States. This opioid drug under international control according to the UN Single Convention 1961 and its amendments, Schedule I.

Gadocoletic acid (also Gadoletic acid trisodium salt, or B22956/1) is a magnetic resonance contrast agent. Based on results from animal imaging experiments and pharmacokinetic data it was suggested that gadocoletic acid trisodium salt has strong potential for clinical use in Magnetic Resonance Coronary Angiography and Myocardial Perfusion Imaging. The small molecules of gadocoletic acid are bound after injection to large human serum albumin molecules in coronary vessels with the result of high vessel/muscle contrast. The ability of B229563− (anion) to bind to more than one site on the albumin molecule allows a positive correlation between dose and blood relaxation rate enhancement at doses higher than 0.05 mmol/kg, the dose that produces roughly a total plasma concentration equimolar to the albumin concentration at equilibrium distribution. Gadocoletic acid is thought to be highly efficacious in inversion recovery-prepared 3D gradient-recalled echo, navigator echo-gated coronary angiography in humans already at doses below 0.1 mmol/kg.